CMB:
The Cosmic Microwave Background.
The Physics of Microwave Background Anisotropies.
The Cosmic Microwave Background.
Lyman alpha forest:
Lyman Alpha Forest.
Gravitational lensing:
Gravitational Lensing.
Boomerang data:
Boomerang Collaboration.
Boomerang Data, Analyzed at NERSC, Reveals Flat Universe.
Nuclear decay and half-life:
Radioactive Half-Life.
Phylogeny:
Phylogeny of Life.
The Tree of Life Web Project.
Geological column:
Geological Time Machine.
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and stellar evolution:
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.
Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial.
Galactic formation:
Galaxy Formation and the Intergalactic Medium Research Group.
Stellar nurseries:
Introduction to Starbirth.
Earth/ Moon tides and lunar recession:
The Recession of the Moon and the Age of the Earth-Moon System.
Dating rocks:
Dating rocks by radioactive decay.
Continental drift:
Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics.
Galactic rotation:
Galactic Structure, Galactic Rotation Curve and Measurements on the M31 galaxy.
Colliding galaxies:
Colliding Galaxies.
Supernova and SN1987A:
The Distance to Supernova SN1987A and the Speed of Light.
Population I and Population II type stars:
Stellar Populations.
Stellar population (Answers.com).
Fine-structure constant:
Introduction to the constants for nonexperts.
Galaxy observations show no change in fundamental physical constant.
And lastly here is a good overall site:
Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial.
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