. What I mean by anti-supernaturalism is partly the reaction to the gnosticism of many clerical scientists, the amateurs who dominated the profession before 1860. But it is also an anti-religious attitude which neither Galileo nor Newton subscribed to. Aristotle was as much a naturalist as Darwin. In fact his philosophy was greatly influenced by his biology knowledge and was, in many respects, as naturalistic as Darwin's or Dawkins," for that matter. But Christian theology managed to create a synthesis --an uneasy synthesis--with Aristotle's science and philosophy, which many 19th century scientists refused to attempt. Marx, Darwin and Freud were all personally hostile to religion, with Darwin more or less masking his because of the piety of his wife.