They caught all the material from that cow. But that cow was presumably infected via contaminated feed, and other cows must have eaten feed from the same infected batch of feed and so would also have been exposed to mad cow disease. Doesn't it seem likely that other cows may have contracted the disease but were never diagnosed?
That's one of the reasons we like to kill cows off at around 30 months. if they did have BSE, It's concentrated in the spinal tissue and brain, which is why they banned mechanical stripping in order to prevent the ganglea from getting in meat.