I'm not an expert on it, but I think it is referred to as the neo-Dawninian synthesis and was developed in the early 1900's. Fisher and Haldane are names that come to mind. It's a mathematics of inheritance, variation and natural selection on populations.
So...there is a sensible, comprehensive mathematical statement of evolutionary theory, called, possibly Fisher-Haldane, but before Fisher-Haldane, there was no evolutionary biological science?