On Oct. 21, 2003, John Paul II created 30 new cardinals, including Archbishop Justin Rigali of Philadelphia, in a ceremony in St. Peter's Square.
The Oct. 21 consistory at which the 30 men (plus one in pectore) were made cardinals began at 10:30 a.m. (Rome time) in St. Peter's Square. John Paul gave the zucchetto (a red skullcap) and the biretta to the cardinals at the two-hour consistory. On the following day, he gave them their rings at a Mass, which was celebratd in St. Peter's because of the weather.
One cardinal was created in pectore. The best guess is that he is Bishop Joseph Zen Ze-kiun of Hong Kong.
When a person is name a cardinal "in pectore" (in the heart), it means that his name is not made public, and if the pope dies before his name is made public he cannot go to a conclave and elect a new pope. Often, the man himself does not know. In the past, the pope has appointed cardinals in pectore from China or other Communist countries where the government would oppose the appointment. CardinalIgnatius Gong Pinmei of Shanghai, who spent 30 years in a Chinese prison, was made a cardinal "in pectore" in 1979. In 1989, the year after he was allowed to go to the United States for medical treatment, Gong had an audience with the pope and learned that he had been elevated to cardinal. The pope did not announce the choice until 1991.
In 1998, Marian Jaworski, archbishop for the "Roman" or "Latin" Catholics of Lviv in Ukraine, and Janis Pujats, archbishop of Riga) were appointed in pectore but their names were not made public until January 28, 2001. These cardinals received their red birettas at the Feb. 21, 2001, consistory and have seniority over the cardinals created after 1998.