I'd like to hope that they'd (or we'd) come up with a remarkably similar document, but those guys never envisioned the Industrial Revolution. Nor could they.
Things have changed. If someone wants to be a strict constitutionalist and mean it, find where it allows the government to build the US Air Force. It doesn't, of course, having been written more than 100 years before air flight began.
It really doesn't envision a standing army, although you can twist the words to allow it.
I don't know what a new constitutional convention would come up with. I'm about 85% content with the one we have, even though we've messed with it quite a bit.
Well, you would quibble over a name? What do you expect the armed forces of the United States to be wielding? Muskets? The U.S. Air Force is an outgrowth of the Army Air Corps. We'll just roll back its name and make you happy.
Clause 12: To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
Clause 18: To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
You have a stronger case against the Department of Education.