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I was taught that vestigial organs represented unused organs which had lost their use in our evolutionary development. Unfortunately, most of those on the list now have been identified as useful by medical science.

True.

There are many philosophical problems with materialistic evolution. Here are a couple.

Evolutionists argue that body organs/systems have evolved to aid the organism in survival. So they argue that legs evolved to help us move, eyes evolved to aid us in seeing, etc. Therefore, when evolutionists develop difficulties in walking or seeing, they see orthopedists or ophthalmologists who they expect to help them return to a state of health.

But what is a state of health in an evolutionary universe? How can it be defined if our bodies are constantly evolving? How is it possible to say, under a materialist evolutionary rubric, that doctors should restore the proper operation of the body? What is "proper operation" in an evolutionary universe? What is deformity? What is defect? What is illness?

Similarly, the same people who would laugh at an ophthalmologist who specialized in blindfolding people or an orthopedist who tied his clients' legs together, approve of the use of poisons that impair or destroy the proper operation of the reproductive system.

But what is a state of health in an evolutionary universe? How can it be defined if our bodies are constantly evolving?

Our bodies are not constantly evolving. You won't develop wings during your lifetime, but your descendants might, some day (that's pretty unlikely, of course).

How is it possible to say, under a materialist evolutionary rubric, that doctors should restore the proper operation of the body? What is "proper operation" in an evolutionary universe? What is deformity? What is defect? What is illness?

These questions, whether valid or not, have nothing to do with the TOE.

Similarly, the same people who would laugh at an ophthalmologist who specialized in blindfolding people or an orthopedist who tied his clients' legs together, approve of the use of poisons that impair or destroy the proper operation of the reproductive system

For many, if not most people, having a reproductive system that is able, at all times, to bear children, is not a positive thing. Again, however, this is an issue that has nothing to do with the TOE.

Evolutionists argue that body organs/systems have evolved to aid the organism in survival. So they argue that legs evolved to help us move, eyes evolved to aid us in seeing, etc. Therefore ...

Not quite. It's a common error to say what I think you're saying, that "... body organs/systems have evolved [in order] to aid the organism in survival." There was no purpose to the evolution of such structures. They resulted from mutations, and they survived and persevered into future generations because they aided the organism in survival.

Therefore, when evolutionists develop difficulties in walking or seeing, they see orthopedists or ophthalmologists who they expect to help them return to a state of health.

Just like so-called "intelligent design" folks, never realizing the irony how the "perfect designer" apparently screwed up his "perfect design."

BUT, that's neither here nor there. You write as if organisms evolve themselves during their lifetime. If only...

Evolutionists argue that body organs/systems have evolved to aid the organism in survival. So they argue that legs evolved to help us move, eyes evolved to aid us in seeing, etc.

No. That is not what is claimed.