It obviously does not trump "everything else" . You could be deprived of any of these "rights" in a minute if the circumstances are correct. For instance, if you are convicted of murder and sentenced to the death penalty, your so-called "right to life and liberty" is out the window. Similarly, if you violate a written contract, such as a loan, you lose whatever property is covered by the terms of the contract. One of the basic functions of the government is to enforce contracts. If it failed to do so, anarchy would result.
The only guarantee the Constitution gives you about these "rights" is fair and due process. But every legal document you sign could restrict some of your rights. You just don't know it.
If said contract violates an inherent right to property, why isn't it an illegal contract? You can't legally contract your rights away, can you?