Only then, when he could do fractions, decimals, and the four basic operations, was he allowed to use a calculator (and for "word problems" only, at first). And through 8th grade, he was not allowed to use a calculator ever, for the problems that were just straight practice problems. Call me a cruel, drill & kill taskmaster!
And ... for each of my kids ... I taped a huge multiplication table on their closet door at the beginning of 3rd grade. It was just there for them to look at, ponder over, and to see relationships in the numbers. It worked, too ... both of my kids said that they studied that chart even when they didn't mean to!