Osage owns the mineral rights. The company started digging and crushing limestone for the windmill bases and roads. Wind turbine people were stealing rock. Pretty straightforward.
They should have covered this in a contract or lawsuit before taking it.
IIRC, the Iroquois Indians have a similar policy on their reservation.
The tribe owns the land but the landowner is free to do what they want with the top 6-12 inches. Any deeper and the members need tribal permission to dig.