A lot of the points you adress are actually answered in the opening post. And here's my argument: One of the main reasons for health care is that most governments, also that of the US, will not leave people to die in the street. They will offer an emergency service. But it is pretty easy to calculate that if you only offer help in the direst of circumstances, people who can not pay will all come in these circumstances, and treating them wll be much, much more expensive.
Also, the market will decide what you can earn. How do you think that is not the case in Germany?
It sounds as if Germany has socialized the insurance industry....health insurance is not health care. As you have said everyone will become someone in the direst of circumstances and will "need" government insurance (what % of Germans actually buy private insurance?) The end result for the US is the same...high cost,via taxes, for small number of people and "fair" care for all.
The only way the market can decide what a worker (this case = doctor) can make is if the worker is paid directly (not by a third party of insurance or government) by the consumer. Is that the case in Germany?