The Forgotten 1202 earthquake

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0:00 · [Applause]
0:00 · [Music]
0:00 · [Applause]
0:00 · [Music]
0:02 · [Applause]
0:02 · [Music]
0:03 · foreign
0:04 · [Music]
0:12 · it is the 21st century and yet despite
0:15 · all of our technology Mother Nature
0:16 · still continues to surprise us despite
0:18 · all of our understanding of meteorology
0:19 · and all of our weather satellites the
0:22 · the predictions of your local weather
0:24 · forecasters on the Evening News are
0:25 · still very often well wrong and severe
0:28 · storms will sometimes go well
0:30 · differently than we expected them too
0:33 · and despite all of our knowledge of
0:35 · things like plate tectonics and
0:36 · geological history the prediction of
0:39 · things like earthquakes and volcanoes is
0:41 · still distressingly imprecise
0:44 · but for much of human history we didn't
0:46 · even have that natural disasters simply
0:48 · occurred without warning without any
0:49 · understanding of why an act of God that
0:52 · simply came and could destroy entire
0:54 · cities and civilizations
0:56 · on May 20th 1202 people across a vast
1:01 · swath of Earth experienced terrible
1:03 · destruction it is history that deserves
1:06 · to be remembered the Eastern
1:09 · Mediterranean encompassing much of many
1:10 · near Eastern countries like Israel Syria
1:13 · Lebanon turkey and numerous others is an
1:15 · area with a relatively high risk of
1:17 · earthquakes owing to a number of faults
1:19 · associated with the northward movement
1:21 · of the Arabian plate
1:22 · the northern movement has created a
1:24 · divergent boundary between the plate and
1:26 · the African plate where both plates are
1:28 · moving away from each other along the
1:30 · Red Sea in the East Arabian plate and
1:33 · the Indian plater separated along the
1:35 · transform cult called the Owen fracture
1:37 · Zone in the north the Arabian plate
1:39 · pressing against the Eurasian plate has
1:41 · created the Zagros Mountains in Iran and
1:43 · Iraq
1:44 · the most active section in terms of
1:46 · earthquakes is a series of faults just
1:48 · Inland from the Mediterranean Sea called
1:49 · the Dead Sea transform both the African
1:52 · and Arabian plates are moving in a
1:54 · roughly North Northeast Direction but
1:56 · the Arabian plate moves more quickly
1:57 · causing left lateral displacement as the
2:00 · plates move past each other the movement
2:02 · has also caused a series of pull apart
2:04 · basins such as the Dead Sea and the Sea
2:06 · of Galilee according to the global
2:08 · seismic hazard assessment program the
2:10 · fault has caused displacement of around
2:11 · 107 kilometers in the last 23 million
2:14 · years the program summarizes that the
2:16 · region has been subjected to many
2:18 · earthquake disasters during the past
2:20 · 2000 years
2:21 · historical evidence for earthquakes in
2:23 · the region goes back at least to around
2:25 · 1365 BC is recorded in a text that says
2:28 · ugrit city of the King was destroyed by
2:30 · fire half the city burnt the other half
2:32 · was intact which corresponds to
2:35 · archaeological evidence of serious
2:37 · damage by earthquake in ugrit many other
2:39 · earthquakes are recorded in the
2:40 · centuries that followed such as
2:41 · earthquakes of August 22 502 678 718
2:46 · 847 1091 and 1170 among many others
2:50 · 1202 was an active year across the
2:53 · Mediterranean since 1198 Pope Innocent
2:55 · III have been pressing European forces
2:57 · to begin another Crusade and the our
2:59 · moves violent gathering in 1202 to again
3:00 · invade the Holy Land
3:03 · Saladin founder of the ayubid dynasty of
3:06 · the sultanate of Egypt had conquered
3:07 · most of the Crusader States and retaken
3:09 · Jerusalem in 1187 but the Third Crusade
3:12 · was called to retake Jerusalem and
3:13 · recaptured significant territory
3:15 · although fabled to capture Jerusalem
3:17 · Saladin and the Crusaders negotiated a
3:19 · treaty in 1192 which brought the Third
3:21 · Crusade to an end but Christian Europe
3:23 · had not given up on recapturing the
3:25 · entire region
3:26 · saladin's death in 1193 sparked a war
3:29 · between saladin's son but by 1200
3:31 · saladin's brother ala deal known to the
3:34 · Crusaders as safaden secured control and
3:36 · declared himself sultan
3:38 · between the third and fourth Crusade
3:40 · several Crusader States remained in the
3:42 · near East the kingdom of Jerusalem
3:44 · hugged the modern coast of Israel though
3:45 · without Jerusalem its capital was acre
3:47 · north of acre the county of Tripoli
3:50 · controlled a small territory around the
3:51 · city of Tripoli further north the
3:52 · principality of Antioch was another
3:54 · small Crusader state or outramer from
3:57 · the French term overseas
3:59 · numerous recent earthquakes had caused
4:01 · significant damage in the region such as
4:02 · the 1138 earthquake near Aleppo
4:04 · considered one of the deadliest
4:05 · earthquakes in history estimated at a
4:07 · magnitude of 7.1 the 1138 earthquake
4:10 · likely killed more than a hundred
4:11 · thousand people and devastated the
4:13 · theory of Harem completely destroying a
4:15 · crusader Fortress there
4:17 · the city of hammer was hit 19 years
4:19 · later by an estimated 7.4 magnitude
4:21 · earthquake that killed around 8 000
4:23 · people the most serious was the
4:25 · earthquake in 1170 with an estimated 7.7
4:28 · magnitude causing significant damage and
4:30 · killing countless numbers of people
4:31 · according to contemporary reports
4:33 · some of the same cities were again
4:35 · rocked by that earthquake including
4:36 · Hammer Antioch and Aleppo
4:39 · on the morning of May 20th 1202 with
4:41 · Dawn or just before the Earth shuttered
4:43 · again in the near East
4:45 · in Cairo Latif al-baghdadi awoke to an
4:49 · incredible shock which he says lasted a
4:51 · long time one chronicler says the
4:53 · earthquake hit the entire world in one
4:55 · hour the earthquake and two later shocks
4:57 · shook buildings caused doors to tremble
4:59 · and roof joists to crack and threatened
5:01 · to ruin buildings in poor repair or an
5:03 · elevated site in Cairo all baghdadi
5:06 · reports no deaths but Cairo was far from
5:08 · the epicenter modern studies have
5:10 · determined that the center was along the
5:12 · Mount Lebanon range in what is today
5:13 · Lebanon running from east of Beirut
5:15 · South to sidon
5:17 · al-baghdadi also reports two letters
5:19 · from cities closer to the epicenter both
5:21 · accounts describe a long shock on the
5:23 · morning of May 20 at 1202. Hammer Baron
5:26 · and balabek were especially badly
5:27 · damaged in the region and two more
5:29 · shocks follow the next day around noon
5:31 · and 3 P.M another account from Damascus
5:34 · said that for an hour the ground was
5:36 · like the sea
5:37 · from Damascus a letter details
5:39 · considerable destruction from the great
5:41 · mosque reported significant damage to
5:42 · the Dome two minarets and crenellations
5:44 · along the walls
5:45 · this is corroborated in another count
5:48 · from a man who was likely in Damascus at
5:50 · the time and who says at the Dome split
5:52 · in two
5:53 · nearly all the houses were destroyed and
5:55 · the neraldine hospital built in 1154
5:58 · suffered significant damage
6:00 · one building was swallowed up as the
6:02 · Earth was open
6:03 · the letter claims that only one person
6:05 · survived the destruction in safed
6:06 · although that is likely an exaggeration
6:09 · the city of nablis was said to have been
6:11 · almost completely destroyed and that not
6:13 · a wall remains upright except in the
6:15 · street of the Samaritans
6:16 · Jerusalem however suffered nothing the
6:18 · greater part of acre was overthrown
6:20 · along with a third of the city of tire
6:23 · both then under the control of Crusader
6:25 · States multiple accounts say that
6:27 · hundreds were killed in the landslide in
6:29 · the mountains when two mountains
6:31 · collapsed on top of each other
6:33 · nearby Jeffrey of dungeon the 11th Grand
6:35 · Master of the knights Hospital survived
6:37 · the earthquake Jeffrey was in Syria at
6:39 · the time along with a Papal legate on a
6:41 · journey to Antioch attempting to
6:43 · negotiate a solution to a war of
6:45 · succession in the principality
6:47 · in an undated letter to King Central VII
6:50 · of Navarre Jeffrey describes damage
6:52 · across the region in an acre he says
6:54 · that some of the towers the ornate Royal
6:56 · Palace and walls were ruined while tires
6:58 · suffered an overthrow of its walls
7:00 · Towers churches and houses
7:02 · similarly Tripoli faced considerable
7:04 · harm to its walls and houses and death
7:06 · to its citizens although it was damaged
7:08 · less than Tire
7:09 · elsewhere the towers walls houses and
7:11 · fortifications of arches were raised
7:13 · their people were killed and the
7:15 · localities are deserted and civil
7:17 · fortresses saw significant damage
7:18 · serious concern in a region racked with
7:20 · conflict
7:21 · Antioch was shaken but did not suffer
7:24 · damage to the same lamentable extent
7:27 · while damage was widespread the fault
7:29 · was located within Crusader territory
7:30 · and it seems to have caused
7:32 · significantly more damage to the
7:33 · Crusader States than it did to nearby
7:35 · Muslim territories well an Arabic Source
7:37 · specifically notes that the earthquake
7:38 · destroyed most of the towns belonging to
7:40 · the Franks
7:42 · Philippe de plessis the 13th Grand
7:44 · Master of the Knights Templar reported
7:46 · shortly after the disaster to an Abbot
7:47 · in France he specifically referred to
7:50 · multiple earthquakes and described the
7:51 · damage in detail an acre walls and
7:54 · houses crushed many to death while only
7:55 · three towers remained standing entire
7:58 · according to Philippe the Tyrion walls
8:00 · were almost completely destroyed as were
8:01 · nearly all of its houses he also reports
8:04 · the complete destruction of several
8:05 · fortresses at chastel blank he says most
8:08 · of the walls were destroyed and the main
8:10 · tower so badly cracked and damaged that
8:12 · it would have been better for us if it
8:13 · had completely collapsed instead of
8:15 · being left standing in such a state
8:17 · a Chronicle from France which possibly
8:19 · used Philippe's letter as the source
8:21 · says that a terrible sound was heard in
8:22 · the sky and a novel Rumble from the
8:24 · Earth
8:25 · he describes the same damages Philippe
8:27 · and that there were a few coastal cities
8:28 · that escaped damage
8:30 · an Arabic Source from mosul says that
8:32 · the earthquake was felt there but the
8:34 · damage was light the earthquake was felt
8:36 · for at least thousands of miles with
8:37 · reports that it was felt in Cyprus
8:39 · Armenian as far north as Azerbaijan on
8:41 · the Caspian Sea Cyprus was hit by a
8:44 · tsunami which threw ships onto the shore
8:45 · although modern studies believe that it
8:47 · was not caused directly by the
8:48 · earthquake but by underwater landslides
8:51 · One Source claims that the earthquake
8:53 · was felt as far away as Sicily or even
8:55 · Morocco was felt as far south as the
8:57 · City of Coos in Upper Egypt
9:00 · death tolls very widely several sources
9:02 · report thirty thousand dead in nebulous
9:04 · alone while others record a total debt
9:07 · total of 1.1 million that larger number
9:10 · has largely been discarded by modern
9:11 · historians as it seems to refer to the
9:13 · total number of deaths in the year and
9:15 · in addition to the terrible earthquake
9:16 · 1202 was hardly immune to other issues
9:18 · of the Middle Ages in the same year a
9:20 · plague struck in Egypt and elsewhere and
9:21 · if that wasn't enough the Nile wasn't a
9:23 · particularly bad period which caused
9:25 · widespread famine the concurrent
9:27 · disasters recorded by al-baghdadi and
9:29 · Cairo and the combined death toll seems
9:31 · to have been used by multiple authors in
9:32 · the death toll various others offer
9:35 · estimates from as many as a hundred
9:36 · thousand to as few as thirty thousand
9:38 · killed by the earthquake
9:40 · historical sources largely agree on the
9:42 · 20th of May date although numerous
9:44 · Arabic dates also suggest May 21st which
9:46 · some researchers think implies that the
9:48 · Arabic calendar was slightly different
9:49 · than the modern one the National Oceanic
9:51 · and Atmospheric administration's Global
9:53 · significant earthquake database
9:55 · estimates the magnitude of the
9:57 · earthquake was 7.6 with the Mercalli
10:00 · intensity scale between 8 and 11 between
10:02 · severe and extreme
10:05 · some experts have additionally
10:06 · identified a second similar earthquake
10:08 · in 1201 or another in 1203 although
10:11 · others determined that there remains no
10:12 · evidence of more than one principal
10:14 · earthquake
10:15 · an illustration of the severity of the
10:17 · earthquake can be seen at Madame Jacob
10:19 · castle castle was originally constructed
10:21 · by the Crusaders in 1178 to fortify a
10:23 · vital crossing of the River Jordan
10:24 · between acre and Damascus was unfinished
10:27 · when Saladin attacked in 1179. 800
10:30 · Templars were killed and the Fortress
10:31 · was completely demolished it was
10:33 · abandoned by 1202 when the earthquake
10:35 · struck modern archaeological studies
10:37 · conclude that the remains of the castle
10:38 · were torn Ascender by the earthquake and
10:40 · the walls were displaced by 1.6 meters
10:44 · destruction was heavier on the
10:45 · Crusader's side but safadine and the
10:47 · Egyptian Sultan were not interested in
10:49 · taking advantage military tensions had
10:51 · risen immediately following an
10:52 · earthquake in 1157 while the 1170
10:54 · earthquake was a factor on both sides
10:56 · accepting a peace treaty in general
10:58 · cephedine was more interested in
11:00 · internal improvements and sought to
11:01 · avoid conflict with Europe and the
11:03 · Crusaders
11:04 · The Fourth Crusade might have altered
11:05 · his strategy But ultimately The Crusade
11:07 · struggled for farms and got caught up in
11:09 · a war in southern Europe until they
11:10 · sacked Constantinople and partitioned
11:12 · the Byzantine Empire the earthquake of
11:14 · 1202 is largely forgotten today but it
11:17 · was significant not just in the damage
11:19 · that it caused but in the impact that it
11:22 · had on History the Egyptian Empire was
11:25 · still busy trying to recover from
11:27 · disasters in the first decade of the
11:29 · 13th century and now the Crusader states
11:31 · were forced to spend their time and
11:32 · resources rebuilding their defenses and
11:34 · it likely played a significant role in
11:36 · maintaining the truce between the two
11:38 · but for the purple that were directly
11:40 · affected of course it was a significant
11:42 · event it impacted their lives in in
11:44 · important long-lasting ways
11:47 · but there's a lot of events like that in
11:49 · history things that seem to be the most
11:51 · important thing that could ever have
11:52 · happened today or forgotten within a
11:54 · century shoot that might be what happens
11:55 · with the events of today and yet these
11:58 · events deserve to be remembered and in
12:01 · this case perhaps the greatest reason is
12:03 · because it could
12:04 · it can happen again while there have
12:06 · been more recent earthquakes in the
12:08 · Middle East there hasn't been a
12:10 · significant earthquake like the one in
12:11 · 1202 in the holy land for more than a
12:14 · thousand years in a place where
12:16 · historically such earthquakes occurred
12:18 · every three to four hundred years and so
12:20 · perhaps the greatest lesson of the
12:22 · earthquake of 1202 the best reason that
12:24 · it deserves to be remembered is that
12:26 · some seismologists warn another one just
12:29 · like it is already overdue
12:32 · I hope you enjoyed this episode of the
12:34 · history God check out our community on
12:36 · the
12:37 · historyguyguild.mocals.com our webpage
12:39 · at thehistoryguy.com and our merchandise
12:42 · at teespring.com or book a special
12:44 · message from the history guy on Cameo
12:46 · and if you'd like more episodes of
12:48 · Forgotten history all you have to do is
12:50 · subscribe
12:52 · foreign
12:56 · [Applause]
13:03 · [Music]

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--> YouTube-Generated Transcript <--
0:00	·	[Applause]
0:00	·	[Music]
0:00	·	[Applause]
0:00	·	[Music]
0:02	·	[Applause]
0:02	·	[Music]
0:03	·	foreign
0:04	·	[Music]
0:12	·	it is the 21st century and yet despite
0:15	·	all of our technology Mother Nature
0:16	·	still continues to surprise us despite
0:18	·	all of our understanding of meteorology
0:19	·	and all of our weather satellites the
0:22	·	the predictions of your local weather
0:24	·	forecasters on the Evening News are
0:25	·	still very often well wrong and severe
0:28	·	storms will sometimes go well
0:30	·	differently than we expected them too
0:33	·	and despite all of our knowledge of
0:35	·	things like plate tectonics and
0:36	·	geological history the prediction of
0:39	·	things like earthquakes and volcanoes is
0:41	·	still distressingly imprecise
0:44	·	but for much of human history we didn't
0:46	·	even have that natural disasters simply
0:48	·	occurred without warning without any
0:49	·	understanding of why an act of God that
0:52	·	simply came and could destroy entire
0:54	·	cities and civilizations
0:56	·	on May 20th 1202 people across a vast
1:01	·	swath of Earth experienced terrible
1:03	·	destruction it is history that deserves
1:06	·	to be remembered the Eastern
1:09	·	Mediterranean encompassing much of many
1:10	·	near Eastern countries like Israel Syria
1:13	·	Lebanon turkey and numerous others is an
1:15	·	area with a relatively high risk of
1:17	·	earthquakes owing to a number of faults
1:19	·	associated with the northward movement
1:21	·	of the Arabian plate
1:22	·	the northern movement has created a
1:24	·	divergent boundary between the plate and
1:26	·	the African plate where both plates are
1:28	·	moving away from each other along the
1:30	·	Red Sea in the East Arabian plate and
1:33	·	the Indian plater separated along the
1:35	·	transform cult called the Owen fracture
1:37	·	Zone in the north the Arabian plate
1:39	·	pressing against the Eurasian plate has
1:41	·	created the Zagros Mountains in Iran and
1:43	·	Iraq
1:44	·	the most active section in terms of
1:46	·	earthquakes is a series of faults just
1:48	·	Inland from the Mediterranean Sea called
1:49	·	the Dead Sea transform both the African
1:52	·	and Arabian plates are moving in a
1:54	·	roughly North Northeast Direction but
1:56	·	the Arabian plate moves more quickly
1:57	·	causing left lateral displacement as the
2:00	·	plates move past each other the movement
2:02	·	has also caused a series of pull apart
2:04	·	basins such as the Dead Sea and the Sea
2:06	·	of Galilee according to the global
2:08	·	seismic hazard assessment program the
2:10	·	fault has caused displacement of around
2:11	·	107 kilometers in the last 23 million
2:14	·	years the program summarizes that the
2:16	·	region has been subjected to many
2:18	·	earthquake disasters during the past
2:20	·	2000 years
2:21	·	historical evidence for earthquakes in
2:23	·	the region goes back at least to around
2:25	·	1365 BC is recorded in a text that says
2:28	·	ugrit city of the King was destroyed by
2:30	·	fire half the city burnt the other half
2:32	·	was intact which corresponds to
2:35	·	archaeological evidence of serious
2:37	·	damage by earthquake in ugrit many other
2:39	·	earthquakes are recorded in the
2:40	·	centuries that followed such as
2:41	·	earthquakes of August 22 502 678 718
2:46	·	847 1091 and 1170 among many others
2:50	·	1202 was an active year across the
2:53	·	Mediterranean since 1198 Pope Innocent
2:55	·	III have been pressing European forces
2:57	·	to begin another Crusade and the our
2:59	·	moves violent gathering in 1202 to again
3:00	·	invade the Holy Land
3:03	·	Saladin founder of the ayubid dynasty of
3:06	·	the sultanate of Egypt had conquered
3:07	·	most of the Crusader States and retaken
3:09	·	Jerusalem in 1187 but the Third Crusade
3:12	·	was called to retake Jerusalem and
3:13	·	recaptured significant territory
3:15	·	although fabled to capture Jerusalem
3:17	·	Saladin and the Crusaders negotiated a
3:19	·	treaty in 1192 which brought the Third
3:21	·	Crusade to an end but Christian Europe
3:23	·	had not given up on recapturing the
3:25	·	entire region
3:26	·	saladin's death in 1193 sparked a war
3:29	·	between saladin's son but by 1200
3:31	·	saladin's brother ala deal known to the
3:34	·	Crusaders as safaden secured control and
3:36	·	declared himself sultan
3:38	·	between the third and fourth Crusade
3:40	·	several Crusader States remained in the
3:42	·	near East the kingdom of Jerusalem
3:44	·	hugged the modern coast of Israel though
3:45	·	without Jerusalem its capital was acre
3:47	·	north of acre the county of Tripoli
3:50	·	controlled a small territory around the
3:51	·	city of Tripoli further north the
3:52	·	principality of Antioch was another
3:54	·	small Crusader state or outramer from
3:57	·	the French term overseas
3:59	·	numerous recent earthquakes had caused
4:01	·	significant damage in the region such as
4:02	·	the 1138 earthquake near Aleppo
4:04	·	considered one of the deadliest
4:05	·	earthquakes in history estimated at a
4:07	·	magnitude of 7.1 the 1138 earthquake
4:10	·	likely killed more than a hundred
4:11	·	thousand people and devastated the
4:13	·	theory of Harem completely destroying a
4:15	·	crusader Fortress there
4:17	·	the city of hammer was hit 19 years
4:19	·	later by an estimated 7.4 magnitude
4:21	·	earthquake that killed around 8 000
4:23	·	people the most serious was the
4:25	·	earthquake in 1170 with an estimated 7.7
4:28	·	magnitude causing significant damage and
4:30	·	killing countless numbers of people
4:31	·	according to contemporary reports
4:33	·	some of the same cities were again
4:35	·	rocked by that earthquake including
4:36	·	Hammer Antioch and Aleppo
4:39	·	on the morning of May 20th 1202 with
4:41	·	Dawn or just before the Earth shuttered
4:43	·	again in the near East
4:45	·	in Cairo Latif al-baghdadi awoke to an
4:49	·	incredible shock which he says lasted a
4:51	·	long time one chronicler says the
4:53	·	earthquake hit the entire world in one
4:55	·	hour the earthquake and two later shocks
4:57	·	shook buildings caused doors to tremble
4:59	·	and roof joists to crack and threatened
5:01	·	to ruin buildings in poor repair or an
5:03	·	elevated site in Cairo all baghdadi
5:06	·	reports no deaths but Cairo was far from
5:08	·	the epicenter modern studies have
5:10	·	determined that the center was along the
5:12	·	Mount Lebanon range in what is today
5:13	·	Lebanon running from east of Beirut
5:15	·	South to sidon
5:17	·	al-baghdadi also reports two letters
5:19	·	from cities closer to the epicenter both
5:21	·	accounts describe a long shock on the
5:23	·	morning of May 20 at 1202. Hammer Baron
5:26	·	and balabek were especially badly
5:27	·	damaged in the region and two more
5:29	·	shocks follow the next day around noon
5:31	·	and 3 P.M another account from Damascus
5:34	·	said that for an hour the ground was
5:36	·	like the sea
5:37	·	from Damascus a letter details
5:39	·	considerable destruction from the great
5:41	·	mosque reported significant damage to
5:42	·	the Dome two minarets and crenellations
5:44	·	along the walls
5:45	·	this is corroborated in another count
5:48	·	from a man who was likely in Damascus at
5:50	·	the time and who says at the Dome split
5:52	·	in two
5:53	·	nearly all the houses were destroyed and
5:55	·	the neraldine hospital built in 1154
5:58	·	suffered significant damage
6:00	·	one building was swallowed up as the
6:02	·	Earth was open
6:03	·	the letter claims that only one person
6:05	·	survived the destruction in safed
6:06	·	although that is likely an exaggeration
6:09	·	the city of nablis was said to have been
6:11	·	almost completely destroyed and that not
6:13	·	a wall remains upright except in the
6:15	·	street of the Samaritans
6:16	·	Jerusalem however suffered nothing the
6:18	·	greater part of acre was overthrown
6:20	·	along with a third of the city of tire
6:23	·	both then under the control of Crusader
6:25	·	States multiple accounts say that
6:27	·	hundreds were killed in the landslide in
6:29	·	the mountains when two mountains
6:31	·	collapsed on top of each other
6:33	·	nearby Jeffrey of dungeon the 11th Grand
6:35	·	Master of the knights Hospital survived
6:37	·	the earthquake Jeffrey was in Syria at
6:39	·	the time along with a Papal legate on a
6:41	·	journey to Antioch attempting to
6:43	·	negotiate a solution to a war of
6:45	·	succession in the principality
6:47	·	in an undated letter to King Central VII
6:50	·	of Navarre Jeffrey describes damage
6:52	·	across the region in an acre he says
6:54	·	that some of the towers the ornate Royal
6:56	·	Palace and walls were ruined while tires
6:58	·	suffered an overthrow of its walls
7:00	·	Towers churches and houses
7:02	·	similarly Tripoli faced considerable
7:04	·	harm to its walls and houses and death
7:06	·	to its citizens although it was damaged
7:08	·	less than Tire
7:09	·	elsewhere the towers walls houses and
7:11	·	fortifications of arches were raised
7:13	·	their people were killed and the
7:15	·	localities are deserted and civil
7:17	·	fortresses saw significant damage
7:18	·	serious concern in a region racked with
7:20	·	conflict
7:21	·	Antioch was shaken but did not suffer
7:24	·	damage to the same lamentable extent
7:27	·	while damage was widespread the fault
7:29	·	was located within Crusader territory
7:30	·	and it seems to have caused
7:32	·	significantly more damage to the
7:33	·	Crusader States than it did to nearby
7:35	·	Muslim territories well an Arabic Source
7:37	·	specifically notes that the earthquake
7:38	·	destroyed most of the towns belonging to
7:40	·	the Franks
7:42	·	Philippe de plessis the 13th Grand
7:44	·	Master of the Knights Templar reported
7:46	·	shortly after the disaster to an Abbot
7:47	·	in France he specifically referred to
7:50	·	multiple earthquakes and described the
7:51	·	damage in detail an acre walls and
7:54	·	houses crushed many to death while only
7:55	·	three towers remained standing entire
7:58	·	according to Philippe the Tyrion walls
8:00	·	were almost completely destroyed as were
8:01	·	nearly all of its houses he also reports
8:04	·	the complete destruction of several
8:05	·	fortresses at chastel blank he says most
8:08	·	of the walls were destroyed and the main
8:10	·	tower so badly cracked and damaged that
8:12	·	it would have been better for us if it
8:13	·	had completely collapsed instead of
8:15	·	being left standing in such a state
8:17	·	a Chronicle from France which possibly
8:19	·	used Philippe's letter as the source
8:21	·	says that a terrible sound was heard in
8:22	·	the sky and a novel Rumble from the
8:24	·	Earth
8:25	·	he describes the same damages Philippe
8:27	·	and that there were a few coastal cities
8:28	·	that escaped damage
8:30	·	an Arabic Source from mosul says that
8:32	·	the earthquake was felt there but the
8:34	·	damage was light the earthquake was felt
8:36	·	for at least thousands of miles with
8:37	·	reports that it was felt in Cyprus
8:39	·	Armenian as far north as Azerbaijan on
8:41	·	the Caspian Sea Cyprus was hit by a
8:44	·	tsunami which threw ships onto the shore
8:45	·	although modern studies believe that it
8:47	·	was not caused directly by the
8:48	·	earthquake but by underwater landslides
8:51	·	One Source claims that the earthquake
8:53	·	was felt as far away as Sicily or even
8:55	·	Morocco was felt as far south as the
8:57	·	City of Coos in Upper Egypt
9:00	·	death tolls very widely several sources
9:02	·	report thirty thousand dead in nebulous
9:04	·	alone while others record a total debt
9:07	·	total of 1.1 million that larger number
9:10	·	has largely been discarded by modern
9:11	·	historians as it seems to refer to the
9:13	·	total number of deaths in the year and
9:15	·	in addition to the terrible earthquake
9:16	·	1202 was hardly immune to other issues
9:18	·	of the Middle Ages in the same year a
9:20	·	plague struck in Egypt and elsewhere and
9:21	·	if that wasn't enough the Nile wasn't a
9:23	·	particularly bad period which caused
9:25	·	widespread famine the concurrent
9:27	·	disasters recorded by al-baghdadi and
9:29	·	Cairo and the combined death toll seems
9:31	·	to have been used by multiple authors in
9:32	·	the death toll various others offer
9:35	·	estimates from as many as a hundred
9:36	·	thousand to as few as thirty thousand
9:38	·	killed by the earthquake
9:40	·	historical sources largely agree on the
9:42	·	20th of May date although numerous
9:44	·	Arabic dates also suggest May 21st which
9:46	·	some researchers think implies that the
9:48	·	Arabic calendar was slightly different
9:49	·	than the modern one the National Oceanic
9:51	·	and Atmospheric administration's Global
9:53	·	significant earthquake database
9:55	·	estimates the magnitude of the
9:57	·	earthquake was 7.6 with the Mercalli
10:00	·	intensity scale between 8 and 11 between
10:02	·	severe and extreme
10:05	·	some experts have additionally
10:06	·	identified a second similar earthquake
10:08	·	in 1201 or another in 1203 although
10:11	·	others determined that there remains no
10:12	·	evidence of more than one principal
10:14	·	earthquake
10:15	·	an illustration of the severity of the
10:17	·	earthquake can be seen at Madame Jacob
10:19	·	castle castle was originally constructed
10:21	·	by the Crusaders in 1178 to fortify a
10:23	·	vital crossing of the River Jordan
10:24	·	between acre and Damascus was unfinished
10:27	·	when Saladin attacked in 1179. 800
10:30	·	Templars were killed and the Fortress
10:31	·	was completely demolished it was
10:33	·	abandoned by 1202 when the earthquake
10:35	·	struck modern archaeological studies
10:37	·	conclude that the remains of the castle
10:38	·	were torn Ascender by the earthquake and
10:40	·	the walls were displaced by 1.6 meters
10:44	·	destruction was heavier on the
10:45	·	Crusader's side but safadine and the
10:47	·	Egyptian Sultan were not interested in
10:49	·	taking advantage military tensions had
10:51	·	risen immediately following an
10:52	·	earthquake in 1157 while the 1170
10:54	·	earthquake was a factor on both sides
10:56	·	accepting a peace treaty in general
10:58	·	cephedine was more interested in
11:00	·	internal improvements and sought to
11:01	·	avoid conflict with Europe and the
11:03	·	Crusaders
11:04	·	The Fourth Crusade might have altered
11:05	·	his strategy But ultimately The Crusade
11:07	·	struggled for farms and got caught up in
11:09	·	a war in southern Europe until they
11:10	·	sacked Constantinople and partitioned
11:12	·	the Byzantine Empire the earthquake of
11:14	·	1202 is largely forgotten today but it
11:17	·	was significant not just in the damage
11:19	·	that it caused but in the impact that it
11:22	·	had on History the Egyptian Empire was
11:25	·	still busy trying to recover from
11:27	·	disasters in the first decade of the
11:29	·	13th century and now the Crusader states
11:31	·	were forced to spend their time and
11:32	·	resources rebuilding their defenses and
11:34	·	it likely played a significant role in
11:36	·	maintaining the truce between the two
11:38	·	but for the purple that were directly
11:40	·	affected of course it was a significant
11:42	·	event it impacted their lives in in
11:44	·	important long-lasting ways
11:47	·	but there's a lot of events like that in
11:49	·	history things that seem to be the most
11:51	·	important thing that could ever have
11:52	·	happened today or forgotten within a
11:54	·	century shoot that might be what happens
11:55	·	with the events of today and yet these
11:58	·	events deserve to be remembered and in
12:01	·	this case perhaps the greatest reason is
12:03	·	because it could
12:04	·	it can happen again while there have
12:06	·	been more recent earthquakes in the
12:08	·	Middle East there hasn't been a
12:10	·	significant earthquake like the one in
12:11	·	1202 in the holy land for more than a
12:14	·	thousand years in a place where
12:16	·	historically such earthquakes occurred
12:18	·	every three to four hundred years and so
12:20	·	perhaps the greatest lesson of the
12:22	·	earthquake of 1202 the best reason that
12:24	·	it deserves to be remembered is that
12:26	·	some seismologists warn another one just
12:29	·	like it is already overdue
12:32	·	I hope you enjoyed this episode of the
12:34	·	history God check out our community on
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12:56	·	[Applause]
13:03	·	[Music]