Yes, the political leanings of the neighboring non-Jewish populations do have some influence on Jewish voting patterns.
Big city Jews (excluding the Orthodox and the more recently arrived Jews from communist eastern Europe) will generally give a higher percentage of their vote to Democrats than Jews in suburban or exurban areas.
That's true of all city dwellers, not just Jews. The Democrat party represents the interests of city slickers. All over the world the higher the population density, the higher the percentage of leftists. High population density isn't just correlated with leftism, it actually causes it.