The Joint Strike Fighter puts the best of every 20th century warplane into one nimble and stealthy package.
BY JIM WILSON
Photos by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co.
Posted on 09/30/2002 3:07:50 PM PDT by vannrox
The planes that won the Cold War are getting old. They pack as lethal a punch as ever, but like the baby boomer generation they protected, they are beginning to show their age. The electrical system of the Air Force's A-10 Thunderbolt, better known as the Warthog because of its ungainly tail-engine configuration, lacks the juice to handle modern radar and battle-management computers. Salty sea air has hastened the breakdown of the insulation in some Navy jets, causing scores of fires and prompting a program to install arc-fault circuit breakers. The Marines are seriously worried that they could run out of Harrier jump jets.
There is no argument within the defense community that America needs a new family of military aircraft. The problem is money. Keeping one step ahead of the former Soviet Union has driven the cost of aircraft to astounding heights. The U.S. Air Force says that the "fly-away" cost of the first 10 F-22 Raptors, the last fighters designed to counter the Soviet threat, is $99.7 million each. When the U.S.S.R. folded its tent, the Pentagon decided it was time not only for new planes, but also for a less costly way of doing business. Thus, the birth of America's newest combat aircraft, the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF).
The F-35s are a family of three aircraft, designated the F-35A, F-35B and F-35C. Similar in shape and size, and powered by the same basic engine, the F-35s will share between 70 and 90 percent of their parts. Yet, under the skin they are three distinctly different machines.
The Navy will fly the most visibly different member of the JSF family, the F-35C. Built using the same airframe and engine as the Air Force and Marine variants, it will have larger wing and tail-control surfaces. These are needed to maintain control at the lower speeds required for carrier approaches. The wingbox and airframe will be strengthened to absorb the shock of catapult launches and arrested landings. Additional wing area--which is created with larger leading-edge flaps and foldable wingtip sections--means the F-35C will be able to carry more fuel for a longer operating range and a larger payload. The Navy hopes to buy 480 of the aircraft to replace its aging fleet of Hornets. In a future war, the F-35Cs would work in concert with the F/A-18E/F Super Hornets.
The First Dogfight
The F-35 is the product of an aggressive aircraft design competition that pitted the nation's two top military aircraft manufacturers, Lockheed Martin and Boeing, in a corporate dogfight. Each company was required to build and fly its version of the JSF, designated the Boeing X-32 and Lockheed Martin X-35. But that was only the start. With the JSF project the Pentagon not only wanted a superior aircraft, it also wanted to pull in the reins on escalating costs. To put this strategy into action, manufacturers were instructed to design planes with as many common parts as possible. Beyond designing and building an aircraft, each company also was required to demonstrate that its design would be the most economical for the armed forces to operate. In the end, the task of selecting a contractor for the "winner take all" contract proved so complex that some 250 Defense Department officials were involved in evaluating the data.
"Both of the proposals were very good. Both demo programs were very good," says James Roche, secretary of the Air Force. "It became clear, as we went through this process, that the Lockheed Martin team was a clear winner from the point of view of best value for the government. I would not characterize [the decision] as a squeaker at all, nor would I say by a mile."
Inside The F-35B Joint Strike Fighter
The F-35B, shown here in its hovering configuration, is the most technically complex of the three Joint Strike Fighters. Bombs are carried inside during stealth attacks and also can be attached to hardpoints. An in-helmet video screen replaces the current head-up display.
Old And Bold
Lockheed Martin's design represents a blend of old and bold technologies. The F-35 achieves its stealthy, small radar cross by relying heavily on an airframe and engine inlet design that borrows liberally from the F-22 Raptor, also built by Lockheed Martin ("21st Century Fighter," Dec. 1999, page 84). Initially, F-35s will use a modified version of the Pratt & Whitney F119 engine that powers the F-22. The F-35's engine is designated the F135. If the F-35 goes into full production, all three versions of the aircraft also could use a direct-replacement F120 engine, to be built by General Electric.
The F-35 makes its most radical departure from the past with the choice of the lifting system for the F-35B jump jet. The Harriers currently operated by the Marines achieve vertical flight by diverting downward the hot gases expelled by the engine. The F-35B uses a design built around a lift fan. Lifting with cooler air offers several advantages. Chief among them are less heat stress on the engine and a smaller infrared signature for anti-aircraft missiles to home in on. The tradeoff is a higher degree of mechanical sophistication.
There are three parts to the lifting system. The first part is the lift fan. About half of the thrust needed to hover and land is created by forcing ambient air downward through a pair of doors that open directly behind the cockpit. Power comes from a 2-stage low-pressure turbine on the engine and is coupled to the lift fan through a clutch. The fan itself consists of a pair of counterrotating turbines that are capable of creating as much as 18,000 pounds of thrust. Roughly the same amount of thrust is created by blasting hot gases from the engine downward, through a 3-bearing nozzle, the system's second part. Finally, a pair of roll nozzles located under the wings provide balance.
Moving To The Flight Line
Thus far, the Defense Department has committed $22.9 billion for the construction of 22 F-35s. The Air Force and Marines will each get five flying aircraft, the Navy four. The remaining eight will be nonflying versions for various testing programs. The Pentagon estimates it will eventually need as many as 3000 F-35s, at a total cost of $200 billion. The British government, which has been involved with the JSF project since the inception of the program in the mid-1990s, has expressed interest in buying either the F-35B or F-35C. A final decision is not likely until 2010 when, among other things, the prices of these aircraft can be estimated with greater certainty.
Barring a wholesale shift to unmanned vehicles or unanticipated engineering problems--both viewed as unlikely events--the F-35A will begin replacing the Air Force F-16s and A-10s by 2010. The following year, the Marines and Navy will take delivery of their first F-35Bs and F-35Cs.
I'd much rather see the defence spending go up and the vote buying go down. Defence is a small part of the budget...
Northing like replaceing an inexpensive nearly indestructable jet with an expensive flimsy one.
The USAAF decided to unlearn the lessons of WW2 and Vietnam.
Anyone want to gues how well a F-35 does when hit by ground fire?
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