Posted on 02/13/2008 10:45:46 AM PST by blam
A Three-Stage Colonization Model for the Peopling of the Americas
Andrew Kitchen1, Michael M. Miyamoto2, Connie J. Mulligan1*
1 Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 2 Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
Abstract
Background
We evaluate the process by which the Americas were originally colonized and propose a three-stage model that integrates current genetic, archaeological, geological, and paleoecological data. Specifically, we analyze mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data by using complementary coalescent models of demographic history and incorporating non-genetic data to enhance the anthropological relevance of the analysis.
Methodology/Findings
Bayesian skyline plots, which provide dynamic representations of population size changes over time, indicate that Amerinds went through two stages of growth ≈40,000 and ≈15,000 years ago separated by a long period of population stability. Isolation-with-migration coalescent analyses, which utilize data from sister populations to estimate a divergence date and founder population sizes, suggest an Amerind population expansion starting ≈15,000 years ago.
Conclusions/Significance
These results support a model for the peopling of the New World in which Amerind ancestors diverged from the Asian gene pool prior to 40,000 years ago and experienced a gradual population expansion as they moved into Beringia. After a long period of little change in population size in greater Beringia, Amerinds rapidly expanded into the Americas ≈15,000 years ago either through an interior ice-free corridor or along the coast. This rapid colonization of the New World was achieved by a founder group with an effective population size of ≈1,000–5,400 individuals. Our model presents a detailed scenario for the timing and scale of the initial migration to the Americas, substantially refines the estimate of New World founders, and provides a unified theory for testing with future datasets and analytic methods.
Citation: Kitchen A, Miyamoto MM, Mulligan CJ (2008) A Three-Stage Colonization Model for the Peopling of the Americas. PLoS ONE 3(2): e1596. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001596
Academic Editor: Henry Harpending, University of Utah, United States of America
Received: January 8, 2008; Accepted: January 16, 2008; Published: February 13, 2008
Copyright: © 2008 Kitchen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to CJM (BSR-0518530) and by funds from the Department of Zoology, University of Florida to MMM.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mulligan@anthro.ufl.edu
Thanks to Renfield for the article.
We’re all from Mars, cuz the Conspiracy Theorists said so. lol
(Wait, no that’s wrong, Men are from Mars, Women from Venus...)
Shoot, I thought that this was going to be a story about Obama’s post-election plans.
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I thought it was going to be about United States/Mexico/Canada integration into the NAU.
ping
Interesting article. Thanks!
My ancestors started a business in Beringia. However, they couldn't keep their heads above water and the business went south.
Thank you, I'll be here all week.
I think what that Beringia act needs is a strait man...
I thought it was about how the Isalmic caliphate will take over the Americas after they are done enslaving and re-enslaving Eurabia.
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Thanks Blam and Renfield for this one, and thanks Pharmboy for the slightly later, similar topic. |
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Story of Human Language, Course No. 1600, Taught by John McWhorter, Manhattan Institute, Ph.D., Stanford UniversityMcWhorter appears to favor the elimination of Affirmative Action but supports Obama; interesting lecture (the parts I've heard). He talks about the linguistic evidence against a single colonization of the Americas (which are substantial), but doesn't come right out and say, it happened that way. :')
Map of Siberia showing distributions of ethnic groups represented in the exhibit.
Khants at a summer camp, 1888.
Evenk hunters on skis, early 1900s.
Khant hunter with crossbow, 1909
The Koryak language, as well as Chukchi and Itelmen, belongs to the Chukchi-Kamchatka group of Paleo-Asiatic languages. Structurally Koryak is incorporative or polysynthetic. It is assumed that prehistorically it had been related to the languages of the American Indians. It is likely that their common original home was on the Asian mainland from where the forefathers of the Indians set off to America before the Bering Strait severed the land route.
Origin. The Aleut people were believed to have first arrived on the Aleutian Islands from the coast of northeastern Asia or from Alaska, not earlier than 3,000 years ago. Latest research suggests that the aleuts arrival must have happened considerably earlier. Now the settlement of the Aleutians is associated with the time when there was still a land connection between America and Asia, that is, no later than 10--12 thousand years ago.
some time in the remote past corals grew and are still found on the entire fringe of North America - in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. In later times (Tertiary) fig palms bloomed within the Arctic Circle; forests of Sequoia gigantea, the giant tree of California, grew from Bering Strait to north of Labrador.'
(Source: Archibald Geikie, Text-Book of Geology. Dunbar, Historical Geology.
WASHINGTON, D.C.: New evidence shows that primitive humans were technologically advanced enough to live in the extremely inhospitable environment of Siberia some 300,000 years ago -- more than 230,000 years earlier than previously thought. The study, to be published Friday in the journal Science, is another of in a line of recent discoveries showing that early humans were more intelligent and resourceful than previously thought.
Researchers had long thought that the sophisticated skills needed to survive winters where the temperature reaches minus 70 degrees and soil freezes to three feet below the surface came only after the appearance of anatomically modern humans 150,000 years ago. The discovery came after scientists found fist-sized stone tools at Diring Yuriakh, an ancient quarry located 300 miles south of the Artic Circle in Siberia. Tests of the surrounding soil determined the tools were somewhere between 260,000 and 370,000 years old. The news could greatly affect how scientists view human development. Or, just as important, it shows even early humans would live in completely inhospitable places. So who needs to move to Vegas?
DISCOVERY MAY LINK OLD, NEW WORLDS.
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