A black Air Force Captain performed the first surgery I ever had with no issues, but that was in the 60s and well before affirmative action. The last three surgeries I had I chose white male surgeons because they are the only ones you can be reasonably sure got their credentials through merit.
You would think that minorities would figure that out. Affirmative action makes people leery of minority doctors, because you don’t know if they are qualified, or if they got their spot in med school due to their race or ethnicity.