Posted on 05/31/2003 9:35:14 AM PDT by NYer
3. Levels of Abuse - Invalid and Illicit
Before getting into the specific abuses, it is important to understand the rules for celebrating the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. These rules are officially called rubrics. These rubrics are contained in the General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM)[1], and many clarifications have been made in more recent documents such as Instruction Concerning Worship of the Eucharistic Mystery (Inaestimabile Donum).
The most serious type of abuse makes the Mass "invalid." For a Mass to be invalid, the Consecration of the Eucharist does not occur. Going to an invalid Mass is like not attending Mass at all since Jesus is not physically present via the miracle of transubstantiation[9]. The issue of fulfilling the Sunday obligation under such a circumstance will be dealt with later in this article.
The lesser abuse is called "illicit." These type of abuses are less serious and do not cause the failure of the Consecration of the Eucharist. There are a wide variety of these types of abuses which detract from the holiness and reverence in the Mass. However, an illicit Mass can still be a valid (as opposed to invalid) Mass.
In general, experimentation is gravely wrong, as stated in Vatican II's Instruction on the Orderly Carrying out of the Constitution on the Liturgy (Liturgicae Instaurationes):
"The effectiveness of liturgy does not lie in experimenting with rites and altering them over and over, nor in a continuous reductionism, but solely in entering more deeply into the word of God and the mystery being celebrated. It is the presence of these two that authenticates the Church's rites, not what some priest decides, indulging his own preferences."
"Keep in mind, then, that the private recasting of ritual introduced by an individual priest insults the dignity of the believer and lays the way open to individual and idiosyncratic forms in celebrations that are in fact the property of the whole Church."
Abuses of any kind causes scandal, meaning that such practices are obstructions to a person's way to increased Faith (see Matthew 18:6-9). As Inaestimabile Donum says, "The use of unauthorized texts means a loss of the necessary connection between the lex orandi and the lex credendi" (translation: people believe as they pray).
4. Serious Abuses - Those which Invalidate the Mass
The serious abuses which invalidate the Mass are all those which inhibit transubstantiation, that is fail to begin about Jesus' True Presence in the Eucharist. The Church has very specifically defined what must - and must not - occur so that transubstantiation will result. There are four conditions required for a valid Consecration resulting in the miracle of transubstantiation. All of these conditions must be present for a valid Consecration. This is dogma. Therefore, anyone who denies these requirements is liable to heresy.
4.1 Condition One - Validly Ordained Male Priest
Only a validly ordained male priest can confect the Eucharistic (i.e. enable transubstantiation).
4.2 Condition Two - Intent of the Priest
The priest must have the intent of doing what the Church does, that being the intent to make Jesus physically present via the miracle of transubstantiation at the consecration. The Council of Trent - a dogmatic council in response to the Protestant heresy - declared against the Protestant view which denies the necessity of the intention of the minister. St. Thomas Aquinas also covers this requirement in Summa Theologica (Third Part, Question 64, Articles 8, 9, 10).
4.3 Condition Three - Matter
Note that this article deals with only the Western Latin Rite Church. There are different rules for Eastern Rite Catholic Churches, such as Byzantine Catholic. For the Western Latin Rite Catholic Church, valid matter consists of wheat unleavened bread and grape wine.
4.3 Condition Four - Form
Christ took the bread and the cup and gave thanks; he broke the bread and gave it to his disciples, saying: "Take and eat, this is my body." Giving the cup, he said: "Take and drink, this is the cup of my blood. Do this in memory of me." Accordingly, the Church has planned the celebration of the eucharistic liturgy around the parts corresponding to these words and actions of Christ. The key phrases which confect the Eucharist are "This is My Body" and "This is ... My Blood," which when said by a priest with the proper intention and matter (explained above), truly show the priest acts in the Person of Christ. Other parts of the Eucharistic prayer are, according to St. Ambrose (also quoted in Summa Theologica), essentially preparatory; "by all the other words spoken, praise is rendered to God, prayer is put up for the people, for kings, for others, but when the time comes for perfecting the Sacrament, the priest no longer uses his own words but the words of Christ." St. Thomas Aquinas also explains this requirement in great detail in Summa Theologica (Third Part, Question 78, Articles 1 through 6). Changing the words of the preparatory parts of the Eucharistic prayer is illicit and gravely sinful for the priest, but would not invalidate the Eucharist as long as "This is My Body" and "This is ... My Blood" are said.
5. Problematic Abuses - Those which are Illicit
There are many more illicit abuses being practiced throughout the diocese of the world. Only some of the most common ones are listed here. Note that there is no attempt to prioritize the abuses as to most to least common or any such ranking. The abuse and the related Church teaching on the proper practice are presented.
5.1 Changing the Prescribed Texts of the Mass; Ad Libbing; Inclusive Language
All the texts of the Mass - prayers, responses, Epistles, Gospel - must be according to the norms approved by the Church. Under no circumstances can anything be changed outside of the rules laid down by the Church. This is clearly stated, even in Vatican II! The modernist usage of inclusive language is getting more widespread.
5.2 Holding Hands during the Our Father
Holding hands during the Our Father has become commonplace, but it is an illicit addition to the Liturgy. Clarifications and Interpretations of the GIRM ["Notitiae" Vol. XI (1975) p. 226] explains:
". . .holding hands is a sign of intimacy and not reconciliation, and as such disrupts the flow of the Sacramental signs in the Mass which leads to the Sacramental sign of intimacy with Christ and our neighbor, Holy Communion."
5.3 Performing Liturgical Dance
Dance is not allowed whatsoever. The document Dance In The Liturgy contains a full explanation. To summarize:
"[In western culture] dancing is tied with love, with diversion, with profaneness, with unbridling of the senses: such dancing, in general, is not pure."
The Bishops have expressly prohibited any and all forms of dancing in the Liturgy.
5.4 Omitting the Penitential Rite
The Penitential Rite is when the priest washes his hands after the offering of bread and wine before the Eucharistic prayer. This may not be omitted. The Query and Reply Official Interpretations of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal
5.5 Replacing or Omitting the Homily on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation
A homily is required on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation. Weekday Masses are not under this obligation, but it is suggested that one be given. Vatican II states so quite clearly, and this is repeated in the GIRM. The homily should be given by the priest, Bishop or deacon and cannot be a talk given by a minister of another faith (i.e. false ecumenism).
5.6 Prohibiting Reception of Communion on the Tongue, or Kneeling, or Genuflecting
Today many reports are heard whereby people are refused Holy Communion because they kneel or receive on the tongue. Those who do so are denying the rights of those who choose to receive in such a manner.
5.7 Self-Communication of Anyone but the Priest
Self-communicating means to give oneself the Eucharistic Jesus from the Paten or Ciborium, or from the Chalice for the Precious Blood. Only the priest may administer himself Holy Communion. All others are to receive from him.
5.8 Armies of Extraordinary Ministers of the Eucharist; "Eucharistic Ministers"
The term "Eucharistic Minister" is actually not a valid definition within the Church. The official term is extraordinary minister of the Eucharist. Commonly practiced today is the excessive use of extraordinary ministers of the Eucharist when there is no need.
5.9 Not Wearing the Sacred Vestments
The Sacred vestments, which highlight the "in the Person of Christ" role of the priest, must be worn for celebrating the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass.
5.10 Not Kneeling during the Consecration
Commonly found in parishes where hand-holding during the Our Father is prevalent, the disrespect for Jesus truly present is made manifest by refusing to kneel to God. Kneeling is required after the end of the "Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God" prayer until after the Great Amen of the Eucharistic prayer. Notice that there is no specific provision to avoid kneeling if there are no kneelers in a modernist Church building.
5.11 Concelebrating Mass with Ministers of Other Faiths
In the name of "ecumenism," some dissenters have been celebrating Mass with other faiths. This is strictly disallowed.
5.12 Offering Holy Communion to those of Other Faiths
Also in the name of "ecumenism," some priests invite those of other faiths to receive Holy Communion. This is strictly disallowed except for a few cases with Eastern Christian Churches (see Vatican II Decree On the Catholic Churches of the Eastern Rite Orientalium Ecclesiarum).
5.13 Priest and Laity Mixing Roles
The mixing of roles between priests and laity has degraded so far that a specific document was promulgated to address this issue. It is titled Instruction on Certain Questions Regarding the Collaboration of the Non-Ordained Faithful in the Sacred Ministry of Priest (Ecclesiae de Mysterio). Vatican II has always clearly defined the role of priest and laity.
5.14 Closing the Holy Water Fonts during some Seasons
Although the Holy Water font is not directly related to the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, another modernization introduced is to empty the Font during some seasons like Lent or Advent. There is absolutely no rule or recommendation within the Church to do so. Holy Water is a Sacramental and is useful 365 days per year, 24 hours a day.
6. Sunday Obligation
The Sunday obligation for participation in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass is fulfilled whenever the Mass is valid - that is "not invalid," regardless of any illicit practices which detract from the reverence of the Mass. Canon law explains this below. If you know for sure that your parish's Mass is invalid, go find another Mass to attend.
7. What to do about Liturgical Abuses?
What can be done about liturgical abuses? First, know your rights. Inaestimabile Donum and Canon Law state:
"The faithful have a right to a true Liturgy, which means the Liturgy desired and laid down by the Church, which has in fact indicated where adaptations may be made as called for by pastoral requirements in different places or by different groups of people. Undue experimentation, changes and creativity bewilder the faithful. The use of unauthorized texts means a loss of the necessary connection between the lex orandi and the lex credendi. The Second Vatican Council's admonition in this regard must be remembered: "No person, even if he be a priest, may add, remove or change anything in the Liturgy on his own authority." [Sacrosanctum Concilium] And Paul VI of venerable memory stated that: "Anyone who takes advantage of the reform to indulge in arbitrary experiments is wasting energy and offending the ecclesial sense."[Paul VI, address of August 22, 1973: "L'Osservatore Romano," August 23, 1973.]
Canon 528 §2: "The parish priest is to take care that the blessed Eucharist is the center of the parish assembly of the faithful. He is to strive to ensure that the faithful are nourished by the devout celebration of the sacraments, and in particular that they frequently approach the sacraments of the blessed Eucharist and penance. He is to strive to lead them to prayer, including prayer in their families, and to take a live and active part in the sacred liturgy. Under the authority of the diocesan Bishop, the parish priest must direct this liturgy in his own parish, and he is bound to be on guard against abuses."
Charitably approach your priest and, with the documents in hand from this site, explain that you require the Church's Liturgical rubrics be followed. If personal contact is difficult, try writing a letter and again include the referenced Church documents. If, after several attempts, the priest does not return to the Church's rubrics, report the priest to his Bishop. Should that fail, then find another properly celebrated Holy Sacrifice of the Mass to attend. Drive to the next diocese if you must. Isn't your worship of God worth it?
8. Conclusion
The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass is the greatest activity and prayer that one can participate in on this side of Heaven. Guard your rights to a proper celebration of the Liturgy and give God the love and reverence that He deserves.
Note too .... the links in this post will not take you to the referenced documents. To access those documents, click on the above link which will take you to the original article with working links. Is Your Mass Valid? Liturgical Abuse
If you feel that there are abuses in your parish, follow the suggestion made by Bruce at the end of the above article. Be certain to print out the appropriate sections from the GIRM, Canon Law and any other documents that apply to your abuse. These are supporting documents!
And, yes, take it from one who has confronted the parish priest and written to the Diocesan Director for Divine Liturgy and Worship, it does work!
The serious abuses which invalidate the Mass are all those which inhibit transubstantiation, that is fail to begin about Jesus' True Presence in the Eucharist. The Church has very specifically defined what must - and must not - occur so that transubstantiation will result. There are four conditions required for a valid Consecration resulting in the miracle of transubstantiation. All of these conditions must be present for a valid Consecration. This is dogma. Therefore, anyone who denies these requirements is liable to heresy.
4.3 Condition Three - Matter
Note that this article deals with only the Western Latin Rite Church. There are different rules for Eastern Rite Catholic Churches, such as Byzantine Catholic. For the Western Latin Rite Catholic Church, valid matter consists of wheat unleavened bread and grape wine.
-------
This is confusing. How can there be different rules for transubstantiation to occur? If a Western Rite priest goes by Eastern Rite regulations is Christ not present?
I probably should understand this before becoming Pope.
Yup.
Briefly, one is not allowed to "mix Rites."
This holds true for the "indult" Old Rite Masses, for example. Although the NCCB has transferred Ascension Thursday to the following Sunday (don't even ASK me about that one,) this does not hold for the Old Rite--therefore, the Mass of the Ascension was celebrated in the Old Rite on Thursday past.
Similarly, the 1962 Old Rite Missal's rubrics are slightly different from those of the 1959 Old Rite Missal. In the '59, a Confiteor and Absolution was said/given immediately before Communion. This was deleted in the '62, and CANNOT be used in the "indult" Old Rite Masses said today.
It may be roughly analogous to using Lutheran formulas of prayer during a Baptist service...
LOL!! Did you save the mitre and staff that I gave you the other day? Okay ... an abbreviated history lesson to complement ninenot's analogy.
1. There are six main rites in the Catholic Church, each with several local variant usages: the Alexandrian, the Antiochene, the Armenian, the Chaldean, the Byzantine, and the Roman.
2. The Byzantine Rite, is used by Albanians, Bulgarians, Byelorussians, Carpatho-Russians, Georgians, Slovaks, and Ukranians as well as many people living in the Middle East or with an ethnic heritage of that area.
3. How many Catholics belong to Eastern Churches? There are about 8,000,000 throughout the world. In the U.S.A., there are roughly 800,000.
4. In proper Byzantine Churches statues are not found for this reason: statues and even natural-looking pictures are meant to look as life-like as possible. The Byzantine Churches always felt that such realistic art can distract us from the reality that liturgical art wants us to see, the holiness in the person represented or the meaning of the event depicted. these things are best expressed in the icon.
5. What is the proper name for the Eucharistic Celebration in the Byzantine Rite? The Divine Liturgy. Liturgy means a service done by one person on behalf of all. The Christian Liturgy is Divine because Christ is the one who acts in it. The word Mass familiar to Americans seems to come from the Latin words: missa est it is ended, said by the priest when he dismissed the congregation.
6. There are three Liturgies, each connected with the name of a saint. The Liturgy of St. Basil the Great is offered on The Sundays of Lent, Holy Thursday, Holy Saturday, the eves of Christmas and Theophany. The Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is used during the rest of the year. During Lent the Liturgy of St. Gregory of Rome is often seen. This is not a true Liturgy, but a service of prayer during which the Eucharist, already consecrated, is distributed. It is also called the Liturgy of the Pre-Sanctified Gifts.
7. The altar bread used in the Liturgy is a round loaf, similar to the bread used at table, the altar bread is stamped with the Greek phrase IC XC NIKA "Jesus Christ has triumphed". The priest cuts this loaf into small particles before the Liturgy and places them on the Paten.
8. What are the principle parts of the Byzantine Liturgy?
The preparation of the gifts, done privately at the left side table before the Liturgy begins.
The office of Antiphons, a series of prayers and hymns glorifying God and asking for His mercy.
The service of the Word, the first appearance of Christ in the Liturgy as Holy Scripture is read.
The Eucharistic Service, the gifts are brought to the altar consecrated and distributed.
One of my catholic high school classmates was raised in the Byzantine Rite. The school principal arranged to have a Byzantine Rite mass said in our Gymnasium/Auditorium, so that we could gain a greater appreciation of an Eastern Rite mass. It was the first time I had ever received communion under the species of actual bread. The priest distributed the bread using intinction, where It is dipped in the chalice containing the Divine Blood of Christ.
There are priests who have the valid training and the permission to celebrate both the Western Rite Mass and the Eastern Rite Divine Liturgy, so that answer is technically yes, there is a transsubstantiation (which is a Western Rite term not used in the East). For an example of this, go to this link: Ancient Byzantine Liturgy: Incense, chant, mystery
That is correct!
But if a Roman Rite priest celebrated mass in the same manner (Not as proscribed in Roman Rite) would there be a transsubstantiation?
I am not a Canon lawyer but my answer would be No! Each rite follows specific rules. A priest, educated in the Latin rite seminary MUST follow the rules of the GIRM. These state:
"The Church has very specifically defined what must - and must not - occur so that transubstantiation will result. There are four conditions required for a valid Consecration resulting in the miracle of transubstantiation. All of these conditions must be present for a valid Consecration. This is dogma. Therefore, anyone who denies these requirements is liable to heresy."
Those conditions are listed above in this post, and include:
1. Validly Ordained Male Priest
2. Intent of the Priest
3. Matter
4. Form
Without this structure, we would end up with this.
Our bishop here in Albany, said mass a few years ago in one of the more remote dioceses. The eucharist was concocted from a bunch of ingredients that were not consistent with the norms established by the GIRM. Those who received Communion, received nothing!
Canon Law states: "The faithful have a right to a true Liturgy, which means the Liturgy desired and laid down by the Church, which has in fact indicated where adaptations may be made as called for by pastoral requirements in different places or by different groups of people. Undue experimentation, changes and creativity bewilder the faithful. The use of unauthorized texts means a loss of the necessary connection between the lex orandi and the lex credendi. The Second Vatican Council's admonition in this regard must be remembered: "No person, even if he be a priest, may add, remove or change anything in the Liturgy on his own authority." [Sacrosanctum Concilium] And Paul VI of venerable memory stated that: "Anyone who takes advantage of the reform to indulge in arbitrary experiments is wasting energy and offending the ecclesial sense."[Paul VI, address of August 22, 1973: "L'Osservatore Romano," August 23, 1973.] Canon 528 §2: "The parish priest is to take care that the blessed Eucharist is the center of the parish assembly of the faithful. He is to strive to ensure that the faithful are nourished by the devout celebration of the sacraments, and in particular that they frequently approach the sacraments of the blessed Eucharist and penance. He is to strive to lead them to prayer, including prayer in their families, and to take a live and active part in the sacred liturgy. Under the authority of the diocesan Bishop, the parish priest must direct this liturgy in his own parish, and he is bound to be on guard against abuses."
Get to work!! It's not that difficult to do. Simply print out the articles + those links that underscore the abuse. Present it to your parish priest ... or ... write him. If you do NOT receive a satisfactory response, write to your diocesan Office for Divine Liturgy and Worship.
Most of the catholic freepers in this forum are familiar with my personal experience, exposing the pastor for his intentions to introduce liturgical dance (the DRE actually came into my Confirmation class looking for volunteers). It took two letters ... the diocese attempted to support the pastor. My second letter included the Canon law statement that all catholics are entitled to a valid liturgy. Their response, a feeble attempt to maintain their support for the pastor, in essence, acknowledged defeat. The pastor has not pursued this any further.
By Confirmation, you became a member of the Church Militant. Only YOU can stop these abuses. There is NO middle ground.
Soldier of Christ
Matthew 16:19 :
I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."
Matthew 18:18 :
Amen, I say to you, whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven
If your hair is hurting, my brain is aching! You certainly ask excellent questions. That being the case, I must confess that I am still a bit perlexed by your statement above. Transubstantion is linked to the Real Presence, which we read in John.
The faith of the Catholic Church is based on both a fundamental principle of hermeneutics and the constant faith of the Church from Apostolic times.
The Catholic Church teaches that the first principle of hermeneutics--the science of the translation and interpretation of the Bible--is the literal meaning of the text.
The first writer of the New Testament was the apostle Paul. His Letter to the Corinthians was written as early as 56 AD, earlier than the first Gospel, Mark's, written about 64 AD. Paul was also not an eyewitness to what he wrote but testifies to his source.
The next New Testament text in chronological order would have been Mark's Gospel. Written about 64 AD, in Rome, Mark, not an eyewitness, probably heard the account of the Last Supper he recorded from the Apostle Peter.
The third account of the Last Supper could be Matthew's. Matthew, the tax collector Levi, was an eyewitness to the meal. He was one of the twelve Apostles. Matthew probably wrote his Gospel in the 70's.
Luke's account of the Last Supper, written from the standpoint of a Gentile convert and a non-eyewitness, probably heard the details of the Last Supper from Paul. Luke was a traveling companion of Paul. Luke also wrote in the 70's.
The beloved disciple, John, the last of the New Testament writers, wrote his Gospel in the 90's. John was an eyewitness to the events of the Last Supper (Jn 6:30-68).
Hence Catholic Christian belief in the real presence of Jesus Christ in the eucharist rests upon the literal meaning of the words of the Last Supper as recorded by the Evangelists and Paul.
The uniformity of expression across the four authors affirms the literalness. Belief in the real presence demands faith--the basis of new life as called for by Christ throughout scripture. But faith in signs conferring what they signify is the basis also for the Incarnation--appearances belying true meaning. The true significance of the real presence is sealed in John's gospel. Five times in different expressions, Jesus confirmed the reality of what he means.
The best way a person can make a clear literal point is repetition of the same message in different ways. Jesus did this. Those around him clearly understood what he was saying--cannibalism and the drinking of blood--both forbidden by Mosaic Law.
Had these disciples mistaken the meaning of Jesus' words, Jesus would surely have known and corrected them. He didn't. They had clearly understood his meaning--Jesus' flesh was to be really eaten; his blood to be really drunk.
Non believers often respond that even at the Last Supper, the apostles did not sense that they had flesh in their hands and blood in their cup. But Jesus is God. The creative literalness of the words: "This is my body; this is my blood" must be believed. God cannot lie. And God can turn bread into flesh and wine into blood without the appearances of bread and wine changing.
Medieval philosophers and theologians called this expression of Divine Truth and Creative Power "transubstantiation". Yes, God can change the substance of any created matter while the appearances remain unchanged. And this demands faith.
Paul confirms elsewhere in his letters the reality of the real presence.
The persuasion of the Church from Apostolic times about the objective reality of these words of Christ is clear from many documents.
Irenaeus (Asia Minor, 140 - 202), Tertullian (Rome, 160 - 220), Cyprian (Carthage, 200 - 258) are just a few of the earliest who attest to the objective reality of the words of Christ.
In the Church in Alexandria, Athanasius (293 - 373) and Cyril (376 - 444) equally attest to the literal meaning of the words of Christ at the Last Supper.
In the Church in Palestine, Cyril (Jerusalem, 315 - 387) and Epiphanius (Salamis, 367 - 403) also affirm in their teaching the same reality.
Unanimity is found across the universal church until the 11th century. Berengar (Tours, France, 1000 - 1088) was one of the first to deny the real presence by arguing that Christ is not physically present, but only symbolically.
The Council of Rome (a local council), 1079, taught against Berengar that the Eucharist is truly the body and blood of Christ.
By the 16th century, some Reformers (excluding Luther) also taught that Christ's presence in the Eucharist was only figurative or metaphorical. Since there were other opinions being taught as truth (figurative presence and metaphorical presence) a teaching authority (see Chapter 5) had to be appealed to discern error from the truth. The way of the Church was to follow the model of Acts 15.
The Council of Trent (1545 - 1563) defined the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and the Eucharist as both the continuing sacrifice of Christ and a real sacrament. The institution of the Eucharist as sacrament was contained in the words "Do this in remembrance of me."
In the mind of the Church, Transubstantiation has been so intimately bound up with the Real Presence, that both dogmas have been handed down together from generation to generation, though we cannot entirely ignore a dogmatico-historical development. The total conversion of the substance of bread is expressed clearly in the words of Institution: "This is my body". These words form, not a theoretical, but a practical proposition, whose essence consists in this, that the objective identity between subject and predicate is effected and verified only after the words have all been uttered, not unlike the pronouncement of a king to a subaltern: "You are a major", or, "You are a captain", which would immediately cause the promotion of the officer to a higher command. When, therefore, He Who is All Truth and All Power said of the bread: "This is my body", the bread became, through the utterance of these words, the Body of Christ; consequently, on the completion of the sentence the substance of bread was no longer present, but the Body of Christ under the outward appearance of bread. Hence the bread must have become the Body of Christ, i.e. the former must have been converted into the latter. The words of Institution were at the same time the words of Transubstantiation. Indeed the actual manner in which the absence of the bread and the presence of the Body of Christ is effected, is not read into the words of Institution but strictly and exegetically deduced from them. The Calvinists, therefore, are perfectly right when they reject the Lutheran doctrine of Consubstantiation as a fiction, with no foundation in Scripture. For had Christ intended to assert the coexistence of His Body with the Substance of the bread, He would have expressed a simple identity between hoc and corpus by means of the copula est, but would have resorted to some such expression as: "This bread contains my body", or, "In this bread is my Body." Had He desired to constitute bread the sacramental receptacle of His Body, He would have had to state this expressly, for neither from the nature of the case nor according to common parlance can a piece of bread be made to signify the receptacle of a human body. On the other hand, the synecdoche is plain in the case of the Chalice: "This is my blood", i.e. the contents of the Chalice are my blood, and hence no longer wine.
Regarding tradition, the earliest witnesses, as Tertullian and Cyprian, could hardly have given any particular consideration to the genetic relation of the natural elements of bread and wine to the Body and Blood of Christ, or to the manner in which the former were converted into the latter; for even Augustine was deprived of a clear conception of Transubstantiation, so long as he was held in the bonds of Platonism. On the other hand, complete clearness on the subject had been attained by writers as early as Cyril of Jerusalem, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Gregory of Nyssa, Chrysostom, and Cyril of Alexandria in the East, and by Ambrose and the later Latin writers in the West. Eventually the West became the classic home of scientific perfection in the difficult doctrine of Transubstantiation. The claims of the learned work of the Anglican Dr. Pusey (The Doctrine of the Real Presence as contained in the Fathers, Oxford, 1855), who denied the cogency of the patristic argument for Transubstantiation, have been met and thoroughly answered by Cardinal Franzelin (De Euchar., Rome, 1887, xiv). The argument from tradition is strikingly confirmed by the ancient liturgies, whose beautiful prayers express the idea of conversion in the clearest manner. Many examples may be found in Renaudot, "Liturgiæ orient." (2nd ed., 1847); Assemani, "Codex liturg." (13 vols., Rome 1749-66); Denzinger, "Ritus Orientalium" (2 vols., Würzburg, 1864), Concerning the Adduction Theory of the Scotists and the Production Theory of the Thomists, see Pohle, "Dogmatik" (3rd ed., Paderborn, 1908), III, 237 sqq. <
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.