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Russia[edit source | editbeta] The Russian Federation's Commissioner for Human Rights (ombudsman) position is currently held by Vladimir Lukin. The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term by the Parliament. The ombudsman cannot be dismissed before the end of his term, and is not subordinate to any body of power, including the President or the Government.[90] Russia’s 83 administrative regions have the right to elect a local ombudsman whose authority is limited to that region. Fewer than half have done so.[91] There is also a Children's Rights Commissioner post, appointed by the President, currently held by Pavel Astakhov. In June 2012 Vladimir Putin signed Executive Order on the Presidential Commissioner for Entrepreneurs’ Rights – Boris Titov.[92] Serbia[edit source | editbeta] In Serbia, the Protector of Citizens of the Republic of Serbia[93] (Ombudsman) is an independent state authority, mandated to protect human rights and freedoms. It was introduced into the legal system in 2005 by the Law on Ombudsman and confirmed by the Constitution of Serbia in 2006. Ombudsman is elected by the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia[94] for a five-year-term and is accountable to the Assembly for his work. The Ombudsman enjoys the same immunity as a member of the parliament. The first Serbian Ombudsman, Saša Janković,[95] was elected by the National Assembly in July 2007. He has four deputies,[96] who are specialized in several fields, especially the protection of rights of persons deprived of liberty, gender equality, children rights, minority rights and rights of people with disabilities. The Ombudsman has competence to oversee the work of government agencies, the bodies authorized for legal protection of property rights and interests of the Republic of Serbia and other bodies and organizations, enterprises and institutions which have been delegated public authority. He has no jurisdiction over the National Assembly, the President, the Government, the Constitutional Court, courts and Public Prosecutor’s Office. The Ombudsman initiates proceedings following the complaint of a citizen or on his own initiative. State administration bodies are legally obliged to cooperate with the Ombudsman and to provide him access to their premises and all data in their possession, regardless of the degree of secrecy, when of interest to the investigation in process or the Ombudsman’s preventive actions. As a result of an investigation, the Ombudsman may recommend dismissal of an official considered responsible for violation of the rights of citizens, may initiate disciplinary procedures against public administration employees, and may require initiation of penal, offence or other adequate procedure. The Ombudsman can also act preemptively, by offering advice and opinion on issues within his competence, to enhance the operation of the administration authorities and strengthen the protection of human liberties and rights. The Ombudsman is entitled to propose laws within its scope of competence, give opinions to the Government and the National Assembly on regulations under preparation and address the Constitutional Court to challenge the constitutionality of laws. The Ombudsman provides the National Assembly with an annual report on his work and findings as well as with other special reports. The Ombudsman has full membership in the European Ombudsman Institute[97] (EOI), the International Ombudsman Association[98] (IOA), the European Network of Ombudspersons for Children[99] (ENOC) and the Association of Mediterranean Ombudsmen[100] (AMO). In May 2010, it was accredited with 'A' status as the national human rights institution.