Ancient Find Raises Worries About Workers

A Snohomish County road crew doing routine maintenance unearthed a Stillaguamish tribal archaeological site two weeks ago in the Silvana area. The county halted the project after tribal members pointed out that it was atop an ancient Indian-village site, but the close call has raised concerns about how cautious county work crews are when they dig.

Stillaguamish tribal members say some of the artifacts at the site are between 8,000 and 10,000 years old — some of the oldest artifacts on the continent. The findings haven't been tested for age, however.

Tribal officials wouldn't go into detail about what was buried there and didn't want the site's exact location publicized. Hobbyists with shovels could desecrate the site further, tribal members said.

"What has happened is very serious," said Shawn Yanity, the Stillaguamish Tribe's vice chairman.

The tribe, county and state all had been aware of the archaeological site's existence. County Public Works Director Peter Hahn said he is doing an internal review to see how the problem, which he called "unfortunate and embarrassing," could have been avoided.

"We certainly want to tell the tribe that this was unintentional, and we certainly won't allow it to recur," he said.

An archaeologist the county hired to survey damage to the site found a small, primitive digging tool among some dirt the county had removed from the road and dumped nearby.

About two years ago, workers building a home on the Tulalip Reservation unearthed bones and other objects left over from a former Snohomish tribal village site. The tribes moved six sets of remains from the site to a tribal cemetery, and are negotiating with the owner to buy the property. And in August, the Department of Transportation stopped construction of the new Hood Canal Bridge on a site near Port Angeles because of Indian remains found there.

Stillaguamish and Snohomish County officials planned to meet this week to discuss whether road crews should take more steps to avoid disturbing artifacts.

Currently, instead of getting individual permits for each road-maintenance project, Hahn said, the county gets a "blanket permit" for several jobs at a time.

The county has maps of local archaeological sites but hasn't signed an agreement with the state Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation that would allow it to run road-project plans through a database, state Historic Preservation Officer Allyson Brooks said.

"It's not uncommon to have an inadvertent discovery, but usually we hope that people check with us first," Brooks said.

There was some damage to the Stillaguamish site, but Brooks said she couldn't discuss it.

There are more than 17,000 known archaeological sites in Washington, about 300 of them in Snohomish County. About 40 cities, counties and tribes have data-sharing agreements with the historic-preservation office, she said.

The Stillaguamish Tribe is one of the smallest in the state, with 192 enrolled members. The tribe got federal recognition in 1976 and has its headquarters on a 20-acre parcel of federal trust land north of Arlington.

Thousands of years ago, tribal historians say, the small tribe traveled up and down the Stillaguamish River, leaving evidence of their existence scattered from Camano Island to Darrington.

The artifacts are tremendously important to the tribe, Yanity said, holding a grinding tool that a Stanwood woman found in her garden years ago and gave to the tribe.

"My ancestors held this," he said, rolling the smooth, stone object in his hands.

The Stillaguamish are building a database of their own that will show all archaeological sites in the county, said tribal planner Casey Stevens.

The database — which is already in use though it's not complete — uses Global Positioning System technology to show all known sites. The tribe keeps the information secret to try to ward off curious amateur archaeologists who might try to dig for artifacts, Stevens said.

Claims for the Remains

Douglas W. Owsley
Division Head for Physical Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

Deciding to initiate a lawsuit is rarely easy, particularly one that sues the federal government. But, in the case of Kennewick Man, there was no alternative.

Everything I was told about him suggested that Kennewick Man did not have physical features characteristic of Native Americans. I've been measuring, analyzing, and evaluating Native American remains, particularly those from the western half of North America, for the 25 years of my professional career. The database I've developed in that time with Dr. Richard Jantz of the University of Tennessee is comprehensive and detailed. Our cranial measurements allow us to trace population movements and draw conclusions about tribal affiliation. Kennewick Man's description didn't fit any group I knew of. My requests to study the skeleton (to the Army Corps of Engineers and to the Umatilla tribe to whom the Corps had assigned the remains) went unanswered; the skeleton was to be returned and likely reburied in less than a few weeks. In order to learn, scientifically, who Kennewick Man was, immediate intervention was necessary.

Kennewick Man has been dated to about 9,000 years ago. Few securely dated, well-preserved Paleo-American skeletons have been discovered. Some of them have been reburied, notably a 10,675-year-old female found near Buhl, Idaho and an 8,000-year-old skeleton found in Hourglass Cave in the Colorado Rockies. Neither was adequately studied by scientists. Yet, there's nothing in the NAGPRA regulations that prevents study. [NAGPRA is the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, under which tribes may file claims to remains if they can show a cultural affiliation to them.] To keep Kennewick Man above ground until some of the unresolved issues brought about by ambiguous NAGPRA terms and restrictive interpretations of them could be addressed, we sued.

Nothing in the NAGPRA regulations, Owsley says, prevents scientific study of early Americans such as Kennewick Man.

What do we hope to learn from Kennewick Man? That's not easy to answer until many scientists from different backgrounds have a chance to examine him. It's remarkable how much can be learned from a skeleton; bones can tell us a great deal about a person's life. I'm reminded of the Ice Man, found in an Italian glacier and only half as old as Kennewick Man. His story is of great pride and interest not only to the people in the region where he was found, but also internationally. Information gained through the multidisciplinary study of him has greatly enhanced our understanding of this ancient culture and people of Europe. For example, scientists noted puncture marks in his leg and ankle and referred to them as "tattoos." Another scientist, noting the location of the tattoos, correlated them with acupuncture points. So now, instead of a single individual with body markings, we have indications of a different behavior.

That kind of building upon bits of basic data is what science is all about. The more scientists who are able to examine a skeleton, the more likely we are to arrive at the truth. Even now, the few scientists who have seen Kennewick Man disagree on whether he had three broken ribs or six, whether his right arm was broken or his left elbow, whether the stone point in his hip hastened his death or was fully healed over when he died.

Owsley discovered that five skeletons unearthed at Jamestown Colony are not Native American as originally supposed, but African. This exemplifies why scientists should be able to thoroughly study early skeletal remains, he says.

That's why I believe that Kennewick Man should be available for further study. We can easily miss what we aren't looking for. It takes all of us, coming from our different perspectives and using our various expertise to learn everything we can from a skeleton and to resolve the differences we find. We are now able to learn much more than scientists could a generation ago; our techniques are better, our technology more sophisticated. For example, using current databases, I was able to determine that five skeletons unearthed at Jamestown Colony are not Native American as they were identified in the 1950's; they are African. Historic documents confirm their presence in Jamestown colony, but the record is limited. Valuable evidence of Black History would have been lost if the remains had been given to local tribes for burial. In the same way, scientists in the future will be able to learn much more than we now can. Furthermore, they will have new questions because scientific interests evolve and theoretical paradigms shift.

Owsley fears that if scientists in this country find they are legally unable to study ancient skeletons, the study of early peoples in North America may suffer, while investigations of ancient people in other parts of the world -- including South America, where Luzia (above) was found - will proceed apace.

But this case is much larger than Kennewick Man and the plaintiff scientists who have asked to study him. Other old skeletons have been found and new discoveries of old bones will occur. If Kennewick Man had been reburied without study, and if other ancient skeletons and future discoveries follow him into the ground, I'm afraid the field of American physical anthropology that studies ancient populations will slowly die. New researchers, seeing only restricted areas of investigation here, are likely to turn their attention to other countries. In the future, then, we may learn a great deal about ancient migration patterns and populations in South America, Asia, Africa, and Europe, but North America may become a question mark -- an unknowable area that leaves a great gap in the total picture.

As a scientist, I care intensely about each of these issues. But personally, the whole subject is much closer to my heart than that. I've lived my whole life with a deep interest in the prehistoric peoples of North America. I want their story to be told completely and accurately. Unless we study Kennewick Man, the story of the native peoples, the story of America, and the story of his people will forever be unclear and inaccurate.

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