Transcript · Part I Boudica 0:01 · have a look at this rather unassuming we albeit pretty Valley here in Wilshire 0:06 · nothing spectacular to the untrained eye but what have I told you that right here was the 0:11 · exact location of the battle of Boudica and yet we're over 80 miles away from her last 0:17 · known location St Albans how exactly did we come to that conclusion [Music] 0:31 · [Music] the Striking imagery we're often presented with when we talk about the 0:38 · person that was at Boudica is one of Courage bravery Rising against oppression, empowerment 0:44 · perhaps Against All Odds it's because Boudica was a female and seemingly uniting a nation of tribes 0:51 · in a rise against the Roman Empire Boudica story is one that's long fascinated me in particular 1:00 · the location and how we could find that potentially Buddha came so close to removing the 1:07 · Romans from Britain and perhaps that would have just delayed the inevitable who knows ultimately 1:14 · she failed in that Quest but my goodness me she didn't go down without one hell of a fight welcome 1:21 · to the short story of how we found Boudica last stand on age Britain was a land of tribes 800 BC 1:33 · to ad43 the land was covered from the far reaches of Scotland to the South with all manner of Celtic 1:41 · divisions the iceni were one such tribe located in what we would now see as the north of East 1:48 · Anglia now we know a lot about those tribes not least from Roman historical accounts but 1:56 · also artifacts found here within those areas in particular coins some of which even had a king 2:02 · on and you can sort of plot the location of their find and give you a broad area of that tribe and 2:09 · its base when Juliias Caesar first invaded the shores of Britain in 55 BC he makes no mention 2:18 · of this tribe instead some further to the South nevertheless though for the next Century the 2:24 · threat of another Roman invasion was one that stuck with the minds of many even here in the 2:31 · iceni world now there were seemingly ways around this ever impending threat of the Roman Empire you 2:40 · would potentially be doing trade with them already but you could also consider a client Kingdom one 2:45 · in which you would keep your status as king of the tribe and your area but you would align yourself 2:51 · with the Roman Empire now one such tribe that did this with the iceni and their King prasutagus 3:04 · the client Kingdom clearly worked for the aini tribe but there would be a problem upon the death 3:10 · of the iceni king prasutagus it was noted by Roman historian tacitus that the Romans 3:16 · plundered the kingdom ignoring the will and the wishes of the king taking the land of the Nobles 3:23 · the king's wife Boudica was flogged and her two daughters brutally assaulted without doubt the 3:30 · Romans had underestimated what they did here I think perhaps they thought that Boudica would 3:35 · just lay silence lay in shame at what had happened to her but what they did do however was perhaps 3:42 · start the wills in motion for an uprising that would almost end Roman Britain at such an early 3:48 · stage ad. 58 just 2 years before the death of the Iceni king and we have suetonius installed · Part II Suetonius 4:00 · as a governor of Britain commander of the 2nd the 9th the 14th and the 20th Legions we are 4:08 · only 20 years or so into Roman rule and we still have not subdued the island we still have areas 4:15 · of client Kings we still have Scotland and we still have pockets of resistance ad. 60 to 61 4:24 · and suetonius is doing just that he's on his way to Anglesey to Conquest a druid stronghold 4:29 · hold news arrives on route that there is an uprising a rebellion led by the 4:34 · iceni a tribe that he will be well aware of perhaps confused at this notion that 4:41 · the now suppressed iceni could uprise until he learns of course who exactly is leading this 4:48 · Uprising Boudica and the iceni along with neighboring tribe the trinovantes marched 4:54 · into Colchester and they absolutely leveled the place now understand the significance of 4:59 · this archaeology has shown that they left nothing standing and this was a principal town of Roman 5:06 · Britain the ninth Legion now marched to suppress this Uprising and protect London they were met 5:15 · on rout and largely defeated retreating back to their fort suetonius with the 14th and 20th 5:23 · Legion now began to head back towards London perhaps now heading through unknown territory 5:29 · hostile maybe facing over a 100,000 of the tribes Revolt perhaps now Gathering 5:35 · momentum suetonius had around 10,000 men he needed to stop and think and use his military 5:45 · brain what was going to work best and he decided upon reaching London that London was not the 5:50 · place for a battle he gathered the troops and headed in a completely different direction he 5:56 · knew that the Rebellion would follow and they had maybe 10 times the number suetonius would 6:03 · find the spot that suited him meanwhile London was leveled and the Rebellion now headed for St 6:09 · Alban's so here is where things get really interesting now we have little to go on from 6:17 · that era in terms of writings other than those that were victorious and on that notion we have 6:23 · the writings of two Roman historians from maybe 100 200 years after the battle is is it possible 6:30 · to find the battle location from those writings here is the best guess at two of those [Music] · Part III Windyridge Farm 6:40 · locations tacitus gives us three significant Clues suetonius took 6:49 · on a narrow passage the passage had wood behind him he established that there would 6:56 · be no enemy except at his front where there was an open plane with no fear of 7:02 · Ambush now our first location is pretty close to here in St Albans and that location I'm about to 7:11 · show you is largely based on the research by Duncan Mackay and his book echolands now 7:18 · Duncan Mackay discusses Boudica taking the town of St Albans Veralanium in fact this is 7:24 · shown on some of the signs around the town now the ruins here are definitely worth a 7:29 · visit it and this all happened of course before the final battle on Watling Street 7:34 · [Music] street we would all like to see her Footprints here now everything 7:43 · fits the line of travel the fact that this would be the last Roman major settlement in 7:48 · the area perhaps the last that she was aware of to take the town and the 14th 7:54 · and the 20th Legions of suetonius would surely mean victory [Music] 8:03 · I'm here what I think is the center of Verulamium inside the walls of this Roman town there's an old 8:09 · Mosaic just to the left of me but you can't get in to see it and the signs have all gone 8:15 · from here now when suetonius arrived here with his 10,000 troops we probably been told of the 8:21 · news that now London had also been leveled as well as Colchester once again he decided that 8:28 · this was not the place that he wanted to do battle with Boudica he headed along Watling 8:34 · Street Verulamium amphitheater Roman Amphitheater quite different from many others I've seen in the 8:49 · fact that it's more like a theater it's got a stage and had some pillars there it seems 8:54 · quite small for a Roman Amphitheater now alongside this beautiful spot lies Watling Street the Roman 9:00 · Road that headed Northwest now many traditional theories believe that somewhere on that route 9:06 · suetonius and Boudica battled once again this would mean abandoning another Roman town to 9:12 · justify this suetonius really needed a plan up his sleeve in the words of Duncan Mackey this 9:17 · spot among Watling Street represents our last historical glimpse of Boudica at the 9:22 · known location it look like a grainy black and white CCTV footage of the queen on a mountain 9:29 · Chariot now Duncan Mackey in his work takes in consideration a number of sites along watling 9:37 · Street heading in that direction away from Verulamium but his biggest issue 9:43 · with all of those is the distance from Verulamium dunstable is one of the last of these guesses and 9:50 · the intersection with watling Street and the NN way some suggest named after Boudica feels like 9:56 · compelling evidence in itself suetonius needs a defensible landscape the undefendable towns of 10:03 · London and St Albans didn't give him that perhaps Boudica had seen this as him Running Scared Now 10:11 · McKay argues that letting Boudica reach the Icknield Watling Street would have potential for 10:18 · the tribes to disband maybe head back home split up and that's the worst thing that suetonius would 10:24 · want because it would mean an unsettled Britain it would mean that the tribes were still active 10:29 · and they will be unruled so McKay decided that he needed to draw a 10:34 · 10m radius around St Albans and look for a location that would fit the battle for 10:41 · suetonius now if you take that 10 m radius from St Albans you add that to tacitus is description 10:53 · of the battlefield and you take in consideration a 1987 paper entitled the lead slingshot found at 11:01 · Windridge Farm well then you end up right here 60 oval lead slingshots and another 50 found 11:09 · years before were located here this gives us physical evidence of a battle as these 11:15 · are very typical of first century Roman weapons on talking of the rebels tacitus describes them 11:22 · as they were confident excluding a vaster host than ever assembled on so fierce in spirit that 11:30 · they actually brought with them their wives riding in wagons which they placed on the border of the 11:36 · [Music] plane and then we have another location here in Wiltshire and we have · Part IV Ogbourne St George. 11:47 · the workings of Steve Kaye now if like me your eyebrows raised when 11:51 · you heard the word workings you're going to love this one the number two [Music] 12:01 · so we're now high up on the Ridgeway in Wilshire above the village of ogborne St George we've got 12:08 · routeways Crossing all over here Earthworks you name it it's a fascinating landscape now Steve 12:13 · Kay took the words of tacitus to describe the battle location he also added to that the need 12:20 · for water in the form of a river and he put them all into a database and tried to work out every 12:27 · possible location that would fit in the lower half of England if you think that's mad you'd be right 12:34 · now I am going to briefly explain this study in a way I personally understand and that will 12:39 · likely not do the study Justice you can however read this yourself I'll add the links below so 12:45 · Steve Kaye took the tacitus description he took the need for water from both parties and he took 12:52 · the proximity of the major Roman towns the Roman roads and the routes available to them [Music] 13:02 · so Steve Kaye in his initial study came up with 263 locations that could fit based on 13:10 · the description by tacitus now in 2013 he whittled this down even more to just 110 Happy Days however 13:20 · 2015 came along he scrapped all that started again with a new method to the madness I say Madness in 13:28 · an entirely respectful way Steve K really is a man after my own heart now he added something called 13:35 · template matching and he gave every feature in Britain a color whether it was a plane a ridge 13:42 · a slope of more than 5° and it was all rotational now with that Steve Kaye extracted nine templates 13:52 · based on Tacitus his description nine squares that could then be placed back on the map 13:59 · and came up with 2,700 potential sites East of the river 7 yes 2,700 now the work begins now 14:11 · based on Tacitus his writings once again well Steve K suggested that suetonius liked to delay 14:18 · a battle he liked to be considered and structure what he was going to do so this gives us at least 14:24 · two or 3 days marching now this helped Steve Kaye ruled out a lot of sites and he went on to Rule 14:31 · out some ones that were too small or too large and he was left then with a much smaller set of 14:37 · 2,187 potential sites now there's a reason why I'm walking along this River in ogborne St George in 14:48 · Wilshire we'll come to the location soon but Steve K considered water was essential not too much but 14:54 · not too little he calculated that the Roman army the 10,000 men would need a flow of 0.89 m/s now 15:04 · that was much slower than he what he predicted of the iceni tribe that were following him so 15:11 · he needed just the right balance brilliant with that in mind we're now down to just 862 potential 15:20 · Sites now Steve Kaye couldn't Whittle this list down much anymore with the current scheme so 15:27 · decided to start ranking them the criteria were height terrain stability of Roman front line 15:34 · length distance to London wetness distance from Main Roman roads induced stress on the rebels 15:41 · distance from Rivers effect of river flow through front lines the effect of blocking or trapping by 15:48 · large rivers so consider the importance of the rivers once again the absolute perfect 15:53 · flow enough for their army and the possibility that they could also block and man it water 15:59 · course now if that is true well that really tells us how clever these Roman military generals were 16:09 · that's not my area of specialty at all but it also tells us how important the Roman Road 16:15 · network was that's more my area it tells you that that Roman Road Network could literally 16:21 · sustain an army the knowledge of the roads and knowledge of the routs and the camps along them 16:26 · that would have all been in the General's mind mines and it would literally sustain that army of 16:31 · 10,000 troops Steve K had three or four really good predicted sites based on a 100 different 16:40 · considerations the bulbourne valley dorking ranked up there but here we are at Steve's Top 16:46 · gestate This is ogborne St George in Wilshire and it lies not far north of the portway Roman 16:53 · Road and is also found on Route north towards the main Roman military area the safe towns of 16:59 · cirencester and above all the perfect topography and by that here the perfect size Valley for a 17:07 · legionary front line Rising topographic margins for auxiliary and Cavalry the perfect water flow 17:14 · the perfect distance from London and the safety of civilization for Recovery just a day March 17:19 · away I love both the contrast and views of Duncan m K and Steve kaye I love the locations 17:31 · that they've chosen as their their final answers if you will the location to Albin really fits well 17:37 · perhaps not the geography for me the geography here is just brilliant here at Ogbourne St George 17:42 · it fits perfectly I love those theories perhaps archaeology will one day tell us a final answer 17:48 · perhaps not in my lifetime but maybe one day now if you love the Romans you know I'll make 17:53 · a few videos on that sort of History where you can look at how they brutally took over or didn't made 17:59 · Castle down in Dorchester in the meantime we'll see you this time next week 18:10 · [Music]
Rome never subdued the Germans.
Nor the Brits and Scots, both Germanic peoples............