Find a text string in the invitation that is likely to be unique, and do a Google search for that probably-unique string BETWEEN QUOTES.
Back pain is so common that you might just be the target of a company's ad campaign that sent the invitations to the general population, without knowledge of the medical histories of the invitations' recipients. If so, you will probably figure that out from the results of the Internet search.
Second possibility less likely is social media if you mentioned having the condition and you were traced back that way. They do have programs which look for key words to advertise to you. I'd bet more on insurance though because they have the most to gain if they can point you to information in treatment which can cut their cost. Doctors have too many legalinese headaches just trying to keep their practice open without inviting potential trouble. The fact you said in one post your name was not on the letter inside but just on the envelope sounds more like you got on a mailing list for persons with that ailment.
I actually work in the healthcare field........