Repeated from the other supernova photo thread...
1.
So, how far from a “normal†supernova do you have to be to avoid burning up/burning out the local atmosphere of your own planet?
2.
How many supernova’s are required to create each of the common elements? A “regular†and a regular nova burns (combines) H-H->He, He_> Li and higher as it implodes later in life, and a little bit higher weight .. But those cannot leave the star. They are trapped inside the star’s gravity field.
So, only a supernova cab low elements (isotopes) outside to another star. Can a supernova create several tiers of element-isotope building in its own collapse?
Or are we limited by stellar fusion to “one-nuclei+one-nuclei fusion mass gain per supernova?
3.
Now, there are some 10^54 “heavy weight” atomic nuclei in our solar system. How did they all get here at the same time in interplanetary cosmic space to be trapped by the proto-solar-system mass BEFORE they became planets and asteroids and comets?
4.
Interstellar “dust” clouds are certainly possible. We see them all the time in their glorious colors and shadows. None are faster than light, all are substantially below light speed - as they should be. So, how long did our solar system’s dust cloud “mass” coast through space to get here so they could coalesce into the solar system gravity field in time for fusion to light off the sun and our own earth to be formed 4.5 billion years ago?
The Big Bang is supposedly 14 some-odd billion years old.
i have rocks and fossils on my shelf 4 billion years old.
So, that’s (14-4) x 10^9 x 365.25 x 24 x 3600 = 441,806,400 x 10^9 seconds.
Call 4.4 x 10^17 seconds to form all the nuclei from supernova’s from the Big Bang into our solar system’s “stable” current orbits with “stable” rocks and oceans and gasses and plasma.
But, you have to form all 10^50 nuclei we have measured in our little bitty solar system out here all isolated by itself in mid-interstellar space in only 4.4 x 10^17 seconds.
That means you have to
Fuse the nuclei of generation 1 into higher nuclei,
throw them out into other supernova’s,
form higher-weight nuclei in that 2nd supernova,
blow up the 2nd supernova into the 3rd supernova,
blow up the 3rd supernova to make the 4th generation nuclei,
pass those nuclei through space into the 4th generation supernova,
blow that supernova up to make the 5th generation ...
So you need to explain how you form 10^50 nuclei by supernova’s going off and exchanging nuclei through space to yield a final mass increase in interstellar space of at least 10^37 nuclei per second.
Yield.
All of those nuclei formed but not thrown out into space at exactly the right speed and direction and time to “miss” our proto-solar dust cloud go someplace else.
I think the supernova “how far” and “how many” questions could be answered via a web search (I’m taking the lazy way out).
For #3, the material came from the remains of one of the first gen stars; those materials formed both the planets and current gen stars.
There’s no way to answer #4, at least by our generation.