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Arp’s loop is named after astronomer Halton Arp, Edwin Hubbel’s former chief assistant. Halton was blackballed out of his profession, had his telescope time at Mt. Wilson taken, was refused publication in peer reviewed journels and had to resort on piggybacking the last of his research on his student’s projects. He was made a heretic for discovering evidence that the doppler effect red shift may not be an indicator of velocity thus rendering Big Bang, Black Hole, Dark Matter and all the other cosmetic surgeries passing for scientific cosmology, as candidates for the dustbin of history. Visit his web site, read his books, starting with “Seeing Red” and decide for yourself. Get smarter or die.