“Thus, we Catholics have to be careful to distinguish between the fact that Muslims believe in the one true God “living and subsisting in Himself; merciful and all-powerful, the Creator of heaven and earth,” and the fact that they get it wrong—profoundly wrong—when it comes to both who God has revealed himself to be in the New Testament, and what he has taught his people.”
Thus meaning in other words, there are way, way too many differences to claim it is the same God when it makes for two different God(s).
From there, there is not much we agree on, as suggested by the fact that the catechism's list, starts with Catholics (837), then other Christians (The Church knows that she is joined in many ways to the baptized who are honored by the name of Christian, but do not profess the Catholic faith in its entirety or have not preserved unity or communion under the successor of Peter."322 Those "who believe in Christ and have been properly baptized are put in a certain, although imperfect, communion with the Catholic Church."323 With the Orthodox Churches, this communion is so profound "that it lacks little to attain the fullness that would permit a common celebration of the Lord's Eucharist" (838), then the Jews "the first to hear the Word of God" (839 and 840) then the Muslims as the first example of non-Christians and non-Jews who "acknowledge the Creator" (841) and that comes right before 842 which summarizes the rest of the non-Christian religions before adding:
844 In their religious behavior, however, men also display the limits and errors that disfigure the image of God in them:
Very often, deceived by the Evil One, men have become vain in their reasonings, and have exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and served the creature rather than the Creator. Or else, living and dying in this world without God, they are exposed to ultimate despair.
Which I think answers the intial question you asked pretty well.