The apostle Peter, in his Pentecost sermon as related in Acts 2, specifically addressed his remarks to "men of Israel," which was, in context, clearly not a reference to Caiaphas or the other members of the Sanhedrin who had appealed to Pilate to have Jesus executed. This is attested by the fact that, at Pentecost, Jews from all over the then-known world -- i.e., of the regions described in the so-called "Table of Nations" in Genesis 10 -- were represented, Jews then still in the diaspora of the Second Temple period. That Acts 2 describes some 3,000 of these "men of Israel" to whom Peter addressed his sermon coming to faith in Christ that day refutes your notion that Peter only had in view, in his use of the term "men of Israel," the Jewish leaders of his day.
I won't quibble with your thought that Jesus lay down his own life willingly. Scripture makes that clear. But that hardly absolves the Jews for their rejection of him in 30 A.D. That's the problem with a theocracy: corporate responsibility follows on with it. Yahweh/God gave the Jews 40 years, a generation's time, to come to the realization that Jesus was the promised Messiah. After that time, the Romans under Titus were Yahweh/God's instrument for the destruction of the Second Temple and the final, great diaspora of the Jewish people from the land itself.
At that point, of course, neither the temple nor the land mattered anymore. To be Abraham's seed, and to be heirs of the promise, meant one was a follower of Jesus, that one was in Christ. The destruction of the temple and the final physical diaspora of the people from the land was merely Yahweh/God's way of punctuating that point.
The "Church," the corporate body of believers, Jew and Gentile, didn't "replace" Israel. The Church is Israel, the true Israel of God.
That’s Replacment Theology. Messianic Judaism is the Israel of GOD. Gentiles are grafted in, and we are all one Bride.