I imagine this will be just the first of many. Below is the essay I wrote on the subject that I have borken into five letters to start sending to papers.
We now mark the 70th anniversary of VJ-Day preceded by dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end World War II. The generations which made the decisions for that war have left us. The generation which endured the cruel tragedies required for carrying out those decisions is rapidly leaving us.
As this personal knowledge becomes ever rarer, we must increasingly listen without their response to revisionists who present asymmetrical, contra-factual analyses about what a needless, tragic and profoundly immoral decision the United States had made. These views must be countered by presenting the history that the Greatest Generation, and their parents and grandparents lived into and through.
In support of dropping the atomic bombs, historians often cite the inevitability of horrifying casualties if troops had landed on the home islands. They extrapolate from 17,000 American and over 265,000 Japanese deaths on Saipan and Okinawa to estimates of 500,000 American and millions of Japanese deaths for mainland invasions.
Such estimates arise from studies preceding the full recognition by planning staffs of the American experiences on Saipan, Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Yet even these estimates are over twelve times the dead suffered by Americans during D-Day, The Battle of the Bulge, Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa combined. Through these and other battles the American people had absorbed a profound shock caused by a million combat deaths since June 1944 compared to a quarter million in the previous two and a half years.
Such estimates could have substantially understated casualties. Kyushu and Honshu at over 100,000 rugged square miles mathematically enable at least 500 vast redoubts; complex fortifications comparable to that General Ushijima constructed to inflict most losses on Okinawa. This rapid increase in killing efficiency extended to stubborn defense of major cities just as the Germans carried out in Berlin, where 81,000 Russians died and 280,000 were wounded.
The Japanese would be ready and waiting for the Americans, because the “island hopping” strategy had ended. Hard experience had taught them to identify the few regions within their mountainous country that could accommodate the huge armies and air forces needed to subdue the main islands. Intelligence reports already noted repositioning of divisions into southern Honshu to counter the first phase of the invasion.
The Japanese War Faction resolved to wage a total war of upmost savagery rather than contemplate the shameful reality of surrender. They maintained the honorable sacrifice of 20 million Japanese was essential for planning final mainland battles. This limitless, barbaric, squalid, slaughter would inflict millions of casualties grinding the Americans into a stalemate that would convince them to abandon the Potsdam Declaration. In preparation they had redeployed veteran Kwantung divisions from China, and mobilized home defense armies. They drafted able citizens 17-60 years old into the Peoples Volunteer Corps and Home Defense Units to assume infrastructure duties of army units and stay behind invaders for suicide mission using light weapons and explosives. Any food shortages caused by the blockage would first call for killing of allied prisoners in the home islands, and then as many of their own people as necessary to sustain their armies and civilian militia.
The decision to invade also had to include assessment of Japan’s nuclear program. Here the general thrust of American intelligence analysis said an enemy always pursues the highest use of any capability. If Japanese atomic research was successful, here was a compelling reason to avoid invasion and drop the bombs. A kamikaze plane or submarine could detonate a bomb within the invasion fleet. Alternatively, devices could reside beneath peasant’s huts to devastate the buildup of forces in southern Honshu or the Tokyo plain.
As WW II began, the U.S. knew Japanese intellectuals included accomplished physicists such as Yoshio Nishina. They knew he was a staunch Imperial nationalist and a capable leader, so capable two of his students later won Nobel prizes. They knew he built Japan’s first cyclotron in 1940.
The next American insight into Japan’s progress came in May 1945 as Germany surrendered. Admiral Doenitz ordered all submarines to proceed to allied ports. The U-234 proceeded to Portsmouth where the Navy discovered its cargo contained 560 kilos of uranium oxide intended for the Japanese army.
However, much was then unknown because America found wartime Japan generally impenetrable except for cryptographic intelligence. Interrogators discovered Nishina was given a substantial budget to build an atomic bomb. Research for uranium extraction and enrichment proceeded in Japan until the Americans reached Tinian and B-29’s could reach Japan. Then further efforts were concentrated at the huge nuclear facility in Hungnam North Korea. Korea was also a source for uranium ore. One day after the Nagasaki bomb, Japan exploded an experimental nuclear device off the coast of Hungnam.
The Japanese had capabilities beyond the speculations of planning staffs. The increasingly feeble response to B-29 bombing missions caused the U.S. to significantly underestimate the swarms of kamikaze airplanes with sufficient aviation fuel concealed for one way trips to attack the amphibious invasion fleet. Only after occupation did the U.S. become aware of a larger than anticipated fleet of suicide boats and mini-submarines stockpiled for the invasion. Americans also faced biological warfare. Occupation searchers uncovered large stockpiles of viruses, spirochetes, and fungus spores throughout rural Japan. These biological pathogens had already been tested on several hundred thousand in Chinese villages and on prisoners of war. Civilian soldiers were to stay behind advancing Americans to infuse pathogens into food and waters sources, to release infected animals and insects into American compounds, and to infect themselves with choleras and plaque germs.
If there was any alternative, Harry Truman, Henry Stimson, and George Marshall were not about to procure countless American deaths in protracted ground campaigns following amphibious assaults matching the D-Day landings. Truman contemplated increasingly dire estimates causing him to reflect on the possibility of “an Okinawa from one end of Japan to the other”. After VE day Stimson perceived the first signs of war weariness and said, “the country will not be satisfied unless every effort is made to shorten the war”. General Marshall said, “War is the most terrible tragedy of the human race and should not be prolonged an hour longer than absolutely necessary”.
As far as they and the country were concerned, the only innocent civilian lives at stake were the American citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen who would have had to invade Japan. The Greatest Generation and their parents would have been enraged to discover a cabal had ignored the nuclear option for ending the war simply to indulge some incestuous moral orthodoxy.
Revisionists claim Japan was seeking surrender, but history reveals Japanese negotiation initiatives proved too vacuous to make dropping the bombs unnecessary. These supposed negotiations cite proposals Foreign Minister Togo directed Ambassador Sato to offer to Molotov. In those proposals, Japan intended bribing the Russians into neutrality with conquered Chinese territory. The Soviets would then mediate settlement terms preserving visions of peace with honor. This vision contemplated maintaining Japan’s Imperial, militaristic national structure and retaining the core empire of Home Islands, Manchuria, Korea and Formosa. The first June 29 contacts ignored attributes of surrender with proposals the Russians considered too vague to answer. The August 2 proposals accepted the Potsdam Declaration as only one basis for further study.
When Ambassador Sato finally saw Molotov on August 8, two days after Hiroshima, he received a war declaration instead of answers to his latest proposals. U.S. cryptologists reading “Magic” confirmed Togo’s Russian contacts were ineffectual. American intelligence also knew those involving Allen Dulles in Switzerland lacked any Japanese Cabinet knowledge or interest.
The pattern of Japanese contacts demonstrated an unwillingness to accept any responsibility for understanding Western expectations for negotiation strategies. The fact America had destroyed its navy, massacred its island garrisons, and bombed its cities into cinders should have prompted Japanese proposals embracing a Western style of clarity. They ignored their manifest obligation to bring forward substantive questions and proposals, and chose to greet the Potsdam Declaration with silence.
Instead the Japanese Privy Council debated the Final Battles arguments into utter physical and mental exhaustion for eleven hours following the Nagasaki bomb on August 9. For the final meeting, Hirohito reluctantly invited Baron Hiranuma, who had always fiercely disapproved of the war strategy ending with Pearl Harbor, but as a renowned prosecutor could also ask hard questions. He asked Foreign Minister Togo to consider whether he had ever made concrete proposals to the Russians. He asked the war ministers if they had any counter measures to the relentless air attacks by the American Army and Navy. Hiranuma reminded Hirohito that the Emperor’s spiritual essence was the foundation for Japan’s future, enduring independent of any government imposed by surrender, and asked whether a final battle necessarily preserved that spiritual essence. There was no rebuttal to his questions, but the War Faction remained unyielding.
Here was illuminated the critical role Kokutai played in surrender. Any prominent Japanese lived within an intimate spiritual three dimensional fabric of Emperor, citizen, land, Bushido, ancestral spirits, government, and Shinto religion. In subjection to this merging of spiritual and political authority, the average citizen forfeited individuality and was drafted into a collective soul defining Japan. All able citizens served as soldiers or as civilian militia and awaited the decision of the Empire’s ruling oligarchy. With such a national unity committed to waging a savage total war, the atomic bombs were no longer indiscriminate or disproportional.
Emperor Hirohito foresaw the probability of defeat during January 1944 and appointed a Peace Faction within the national government. However, he and his government conducted political kabuki through twenty months of continuous defeats, fire bombings of over 60 cities, looming starvation, and 1.3 million additional Japanese deaths.
At impasse the two atomic bombs allowed Hirohito, the Son of Heaven, to speak the Voice of the Crane in the sweltering, underground bunker. The bombs could be regarded as a force of nature equivalent to an earthquake or typhoon against which even a god/king was helpless. Only submission to such a force of nature could be proportional to the absolute disgrace of surrender following over 2,600 years of martial invincibility. Only Hirohito could make that submission, because he held the sacred, heaven created throne inherited from Imperial ancestors. He would bear the unbearable, conclude the war, and transform the nation.
The atomic bombs event removed the Final Battles argument allowing the War Faction to relent, allowing Hirohito to assume his unprecedented roll, and requiring no one to lose face. Their cabal remained within the fabric of Japanese from all eras who had sacrificed for Emperor and Empire. Only then did Japan contact Swiss and Swedish foreign offices to commence negotiations with allied belligerents.
In their first meeting, when MacArthur praised Hirohito for ending the war. The Emperor replied others also deserved praise. Yet, as Hirohito confirmed to McArthur, the Peace Faction could not have prevailed until the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki created a situation which could be dramatized.
The atomic bombs accomplished the requirements of unconditional surrender though Japan was allowed to keep their Emperor. By accepting the Potsdam Declaration, Japan abandoned the militarism that had committed the country to Asian conquest. The Emperor’s and the government’s authority became subject to the Supreme Allied Commander. Their authority was later subject to the Japanese people’s free expression for determining a post war government that eradicated multi-millennial martial and Imperial characteristics.
The Americans who suffered through two bloody deluges in the twentieth century approached the summer of 1945 with several imperatives. They would not tolerate the moral failures of a negotiated peace requiring anything less than total submission, after witnessing the feeble responses to a resurgent Germany. Allowing a blockade to operate interminably, while deferring to the War Faction any decision about whether Japanese and allied prisoner deaths met their 20 million standard was intolerable. Allowing months of diplomatic dithering to accompany additional hundreds of thousands of civilian and military deaths throughout Asia was intolerable. Allowing the opportunity for Japan’s nuclear program to produce atomic weapons was frightening.
Allowing the premeditated ignorance of revisionists center stage as the first person experiences of the Greatest Generation and their parents and grandparents dies away must remain intolerable.
Partial bibliography:
Hell to Pay, D. M. Giangreco
The Atomic Bomb and the End of WW II, The National Security Archive
Japanese Biomedical Experimentation During the WW II Era, Sheldon H. Harris, PhD
Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy, David Bergamni
Target Tokyo: The Story of the Sorge Spy Ring, Gordon Prange
The Secret Surrender, Allen Dulles
Hirohito, Edward Behr
Japan’s Secret War: Japan’s Race Against Time to Build Its Own Atomic Bomb,
Robert K Wilcox
Potsdam Declaration
http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/P/o/Potsdam_Declaration.htm
Battle of Okinawa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa
Cornerstone of Peace (Okinawa)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone_of_Peace
Over 240,000 names recorded including
Battle of Saipan
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-saipan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan
Battle of Iwo Jima
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima
Normandy landings
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landings
The Battle of the Bulge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge
Battle of Berlin Facts
http://www.worldwar2facts.org/battle-of-berlin-facts.html
Japan geography: http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/geography/Indonesia-to-Mongolia/Japan.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html
Okinawa redoubt was about 100 sq mi
Allied POWS Under the Japanese
http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/rg331-box%201321-jap%20pow%20camps.htm
Military prisoners were 34,000 in Japan, 70,000 outside Japan, and 112,000 civilians. There were already 142,000 Anglos and Pilipino victims of criminal killings.
Statistics of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources*
http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM
As a tactic of administering conquered lands, the Japanese had murdered 6 million Asians from 1937 to 1945.
Declassified photos - ‘B-29’ “Enola Gay” -—— WWll
http://www.alternatewars.com/Bomb_Loading/Bomb_Guide.htm
Point of No Return by Wilbur H. Morrison
Hiroshima 71,379 dead, 68,023 seriously injured; Nagasaki 35,000 dead 60,000 injured
More B-29 crewmen died in accidents than through enemy action
Good essay.
Interesting stuff, thanks for sharing.