Re: “In some cases the wages are not a valid indicator because a higher wage doesn’t necessarily reflect higher productivity. “
That is an indictment of business owners and business managers.
They cling to an out-of-date business model that cannot support current labor costs.
40 years ago, owners and managers would have increased capital spending or started a new business.
Today, owners and managers bribe politicians with campaign donations and beg the government to supply them with low cost foreign workers.
How about a few more of them: Union contracts, prevailing-wage laws, and the Jones Act.