Gasoline taxes maybe. But Texas has no income tax, and the feds collect that themselves. It is their biggest source of revune, but borrowing is a close second.
I know of no taxes, again save possible on gasoline, that Texas collects for the Feds. Perhaps you have more specific information.
The people of the states send plenty to Washington, but these days the states are often on the receiving of federal money, after DC has taken it's cut of course.
And that is the problem. He who pays the piper calls the tune. It was never supposed to be the federal government. Originally taxes were to be collected on a per capita basis based on the census, each state would pay the same amount per person. The biggest blows to Federalism were the 16th and 17th amendments. The first allowed direct taxation of incomes, the second provided for direct election of Senators, the combined effect was a massive shift of power from the states to the federal government, leading directly to where we find ourselves today.
The states collect gas taxes, which you have pointed out, as well as excise taxes.