Do the mineral rights also belong to the land owner?
The state owns the mineral rights?
What scheme is used in England?
From what I understand (and bear in mind that I’m not a property lawyer) the Crown is assumed to own all land unless otherwise stated. Historically, land ownership only includes the surface and immediately above and below, not deep underground.
I think that this would mean that the shale gas belongs to the Crown and they would either sell or grant licenses to private companies to extract the wealth.