The FReeper Foxhole Revisits The Battle of Guilford Courthouse (3/15/1781) - September 10th, 2004

N.C. State Library ^

[snippy_about_it]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.


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The FReeper Foxhole Revisits

The Battle of Guilford (Courthouse)

Overview:

On the bright, late winter day of March 15, 1781, the Revolutionary War came to a remote county seat in north central North Carolina. Guilford Courthouse, with its population of considerably fewer than 100, was on this day the temporary residence of 4,400 American soldiers and their leader, Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene. The British had overrun Georgia and South Carolina and showed every indication of ripping the stars and stripes of North Carolina and Virginia from the new American flag. From the ragged remnants of a defeated southern army, Greene had raised a new force comprising 1,700 Continentals (three-year enlistees in the regular army) and about 2,700 militia (mostly farmers who were nonprofessional temporary soldiers called up for short periods of service during an emergency). Early on the morning of March 15, General Greene deployed his men in three lines of battle across the Great Salisbury Wagon Road that led off to the southwest toward the camp of the British army commanded by Lord Charles Cornwallis. Although grossly outnumbered, Cornwallis nonetheless was certain that his redcoats, victors on scores of battlefields, could overcome the rebels.

The Battle of Guilford Courthouse Begins

Lt. Col. Henry Lee opened the battle with an advance guard action against the British near the Quaker settlement of New Garden, 3 miles west of the American position. This skirmish resulted in no advantage to either side. The Americans retired, and the British continued to advance along the New Garden Road toward the courthouse.

American Lines

Greene's troops were drawn up in three lines, approximately 400 yards apart, facing west. The first two lines extended north and south across the New Garden road; the third line was entirely north of the road, following the crest of a low hill. Heavily wooded terrain limited the effectiveness of cavalry. The woods likewise reduced the effectiveness of artillery since the field of fire, particularly for the attacking force, was poor.



Approximately one-half mile in front of the position was a small stream from which the ground rose steadily, though rather gradually, to the crest of a hill where the first line was drawn up. Three cultivated fields, one to the north and two to the south of the road, provided an excellent field of fire for parts of that line, and the rail fences enclosing the cultivated land afforded the troops some protection. The second line was entirely in the woods, and the third was near the eastern edge of a good-sized clearing.

Both flanks of the first two lines and the right flank of the third were unprotected. But the heavy woods dictated a direct frontal attack by the British; therefore these exposed flanks were not a disadvantage for the Americans. The left flank of the third line rested on the New Garden Road and was protected by artillery during the later stages of the battle.

The First Line consisted of two brigades of North Carolina Militia, almost all of whom were wholly untrained and entirely without battle experience. On the left flank were stationed Lt. Col. Henry Lee's Legion and Col. William Campbell's Riflemen. The former were regulars and the latter were frontiersmen from the Virginia and North Carolina mountains who had had appreciable campaign experience, including participation in the Battle of Kings Mountain. The right flank detachment was composed of Lt. Col. William Washington's regular cavalry, the remnant of the Delaware regiment of Continentals, and Col. Charles Lynch's Riflemen, comparable in experience and capacity to Campbell's. In the center on the road, a section of artillery, two 6-pound guns, commanded the stream-crossing below.


Portrait of Nathaniel Greene, Revolutionary War General and associate of George Washington, dated 1783 (from the National Park Service Collection)

The Second Line was made up entirely of Virginia Militia, the majority of whom were as untrained and inexperienced as were the North Carolinians in the front line. The Virginia officers, however, were largely men who had served in the Continental Army, and a number of them had had some battle experience. Also in the ranks of the Virginians were a few men who had had previous military service. Thus the second line was somewhat stronger than the first by virtue of this leaven of experience. Finally, Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens, in command of one brigade, placed sentinels a few yards in the rear of his line to insure against any break by his men.

The Third Line was composed of Greene's two small brigades of Continental troops. Of the four regiments, one, the 1st Maryland, was a veteran unit. The 2d Maryland and the two Virginia regiments were recently reorganized, had excellent officers, and contained a good proportion of veterans in the ranks. The total force, regular and militia, infantry, cavalry, and artillery, numbered about 4,400. Of this total possibly 1,500 to 1,600 of all arms were regulars, but many of these fell into the recruit classification.

British Lines

Lord Cornwallis commanded an army, numerically inferior to Greene's; but it was vastly superior in organization, discipline, training, and experience. Engaged in the Battle of Guilford Courthouse were about 2,000 of the very flower of the British forces in America. There were two battalions, a grenadier, and a light infantry company of the Guards; the 23d and 33d Regiments of foot, the former, the famous Welsh Fusiliers; the 71st Highlanders, the King's Own Borderers; the Regiment of Bose, one of the best of the Hessian units; some Hessian Yagers (riflemen); Tarleton's Legion Cavalry; and a detachment of the Royal Artillery. All were veterans, thoroughly schooled in the business of war, and commanded by able, experienced officers.


Lord Cornwallis

Advancing toward the east from the scene of the opening skirmish along the New Garden Road, the attacking force crossed the stream at the foot of the hill in front of the American position, and formed for action. Meanwhile, the American artillery had opened fire in an attempt to delay the crossing, and to harass the formation of the line, but with little result. The British artillery replied with an equally useless expenditure of ammunition.

Attack formation was a single line with a small reserve. The right wing consisted of the Highlanders and the Regiment of Bose with the 1st Battalion of Guards in support. In the left wing the 23d and 33d Regiments were in line and the 2d Battalion and Grenadiers of the Guards in support. The small reserve consisted of the artillery, confined by the woods to the road in the center the Yagers and the Light Infantry of the Guards, stationed to the left in the woods; and the cavalry, on the road in column behind the artillery.

Attack on the First Line

Their formation now completed, the British troops waited for the command to attack. At its word they moved almost directly east toward the brow of the hill held by the Americans. Brisk fighting ensued on the two flanks, where Greene had stationed his experienced troops. This flank resistance forced the commander of each of the two British wings to commit his small support to the battle in its earliest stages. Gen. Alexander Leslie, on the right, brought up the 1st Battalion of the Guards to assist in opposing the American left, and thus extended his own line. On the British left Lt. Col. James Webster caused his whole line to incline to the left, while his support, the 2d Battalion and Grenadiers of the Guards, moved into the center to maintain contact with the right wing and fill the interval caused by Webster's swerve to the left. The Light Infantry and Yagers were brought up from the reserve and posted on the extreme left flank. Many casualties were suffered by the British, especially by the flank units, but the center encountered little resistance, for that part of the American line, in large measure, broke at the first onset.



The American left flank detachment under Lee and Campbell retired toward the southeast under pressure from the Regiment of Bose and the 1st Battalion of the Guards. Continuing their struggle, these units became completely detached from the main course of the engagement, conducting what amounted to a separate conflict of their own. This battle within a battle was finally broken off by the Americans at about the same time that the main engagement ended.

The exact course of the American right flank detachment is unknown. It seems most probable that it briefly took position on the flank of the second line; and, upon the retirement of that body, moved thence to the flank of the third.

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FReeper Foxhole Armed Services Links

[snippy_about_it]

.......

Attack on the Second Line

The break in the center permitted the attack to proceed east along the road and through the woods about 400 yards, where it struck the second line. There the Virginians gave a good account of themselves, inflicting further casualties upon the attackers. Superior British discipline, organization, and experience, however, were too much for the militia, who were forced to retire to the rear. The second line withdrew in a distinctly more orderly fashion than had the first line.

Attack on the Third Line



Withdrawal of the second line opened the way for the advance against the third. This last line was entirely north of the road and was opposed by the British left wing. Heavy woods and several gullies of considerable size served to slow up the advance, particularly that of the Welsh Fusiliers. The 2d Battalion of the Guards made contact with the left units of the American line almost simultaneously with the attack on the American right by the Yagers, the Light Infantry, and the 33d Regiment. A general engagement resulted in which the contest was more nearly equal than any which had preceded it.

The Guards were shattered by the combined efforts of the Maryland Brigade and a charge by Washington's cavalry. This charge was the only real cavalry action during the battle. In their attack on the American line, the Guards had been repulsed by the 1st Maryland. Now in a counterattack, the Maryland regulars advanced to engage with the bayonet. Precisely at this time Washington led his saber-wielding dragoons through the broken ranks of the Guards and then left them to the mercies of the Marylanders. The infantry closed in a fierce but brief hand-to-hand conflict, ended only by a "whiff of grape-shot" thrown into the struggling mass at the order of Cornwallis. Only the imminence of a wholesale British retreat could have induced Cornwallis to thus fire into his own men.

On the extreme left the Yagers, the Light Infantry, and the 33d Regiment had been driven back to a position of safety by the steady fire of the Americans. They were not pursued, the defenders in that quarter remaining steadfast in their own position.


Col. Henry Lee

By this time the Fusiliers had succeeded in passing the woods and gullies, which had impeded their progress, and were in position to attack. The Royal Artillery had occupied a position from which it commanded almost the entire American line with grape and canister, and the Highlanders to the south of the road threatened to turn Greene's left flank. The Guards, extricated from their conflict with the Marylanders by the grape-shot, were hastily reorganized, while the latter returned to their position in the American line. Tarleton had been dispatched with the cavalry to recall the 1st Battalion of the Guards from the detached contest with the troops of Lee and Campbell and to conduct that unit to the scene of the major engagement.

Thus, all was ready for a final assault in force upon the one remaining line of American troops. That assault was never to be made, for the American commander decided not to risk a final test of strength which might result in the complete destruction of his Army.

American Withdrawal



General Greene was faced with a difficult decision at this juncture. On the one hand a desperate charge by his Continentals, or even a determined stand in their established position, might conceivably have shattered the little English force already weakened by extensive casualties. Either of these courses, however, involved the risk of sacrificing completely, or materially weakening, his two small brigades of regulars--the only thoroughly dependable force in his entire command.

On the other hand, a general retirement from the field with his remaining troops involved no risk and would leave him situated to renew the contest at his own discretion. His Continentals had not, thus far, suffered many casualties. They were entirely under control and fully capable of immediate or future action. He was fully aware that much further campaigning would be necessary if the South were to be redeemed from British domination. He had dealt a blow to his adversary while suffering little himself. He therefore ordered a general retreat, leaving to his enemy the field of conflict and hence the claim to victory.


Guilford Flag

British arms had gained another hard-fought field. Disciplined, organized, regular troops had triumphed again over greatly superior numbers of raw militia. No more than this had been accomplished. A victory had been won, but won at such cost that it could not be exploited. Of the entire British force at the beginning of the battle, nearly 600, or more than one-fourth of the whole, were casualties at its close 2 1/2 hours later.

The Americans, on the other hand, suffered only about half as many casualties. A large number of men were missing, principally from among the troops of the first line, but the majority of these found their way back to the army within a few days.

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Today's Educational Sources and suggestions for further reading:

The FReeper Foxhole Remembers The Battle of Guilford Courthouse (3/15/1781) - May 22nd, 2003

[snippy_about_it]

............

The Road to Yorktown

The Battle of Guilford Courthouse was the climax of a hard campaign of 2 months in the dead of winter. Cornwallis had previously destroyed his baggage train in order that he might pursue the Americans more rapidly during the race for the river fords. Now, after their victory at Guilford, the British found themselves in an almost desperate situation. Shoes, clothing, ammunition, medicines, food--all the myriad supplies and equipment necessary for successful campaigning--were either entirely expended or dangerously low. The men were tired and their morale was none too good.

Rest, reorganization, and refitting were essential, and for this Cornwallis required time and safety. The English were, therefore, forced to retreat in order that they might establish immediate contact with their base of operations at Charleston.



After the battle, Cornwallis headed southeast. His first destination was Cross Creek near Fayetteville. The settlers in that region, almost all Highland Scots, were largely loyalists, and it was thought that they would provide the retreating army with food and a safe haven for reorganization. It was also thought that water communication with Charleston could be established by way of the Cape Fear River. But the river was not navigable to Cross Creek, nor was food available. Of necessity, then, the march was continued to Wilmington, where the sea route to Charleston was open, and where all needed supplies could be delivered without difficulty.

In the meantime, Greene eagerly grasped the opportunity presented by the action at Guilford Courthouse and the retreat of his adversary. He followed Cornwallis part of the way to Cross Creek, seeking in his turn to bring on a contest. This Cornwallis avoided. After a few days of fruitless pursuit, Greene suddenly changed direction. He led his army into South Carolina and bent his energies to the redemption of that State.



In this purpose he was successful. At the end of the summer he had lost most of his battles, as he had lost at Guilford. But after each battle the British were compelled to evacuate one or more of their posts. Finally, in September, after the Battle of Eutaw Springs, the British were driven from the whole State and continued to hold only the city of Charleston, against which Greene was powerless for want of an assisting naval force.

Cornwallis remained at Wilmington for about a month, going thence to Virginia where he united with an army under Benedict Arnold and operated over much of the southern part of the State during the first part of the summer. Early in August he established himself at Yorktown, where he was forced to surrender on October 19.


Nathaniel Greene Memorial, Greensboro

The importance of the Battle of Guilford Courthouse lies not in the battle itself, nor in the numbers involved, the tactics employed, nor in the casualties inflicted upon either side. Rather its importance is in the effects which flowed from it, and in the fact that in winning, Cornwallis was the ultimate loser. Thus Guilford Courthouse is important in the immediate result of rendering North Carolina safe and in the larger result of freeing Greene's hands for reconquest to the southward. Broken was the grand British plan of campaign which would have detached the Southern Colonies from the Colonies to the north. Cornwallis was driven into Virginia without making secure his rear. Greene had lost a battle but won a campaign.

Additional Sources:

theamericanrevolution.org
www.cr.nps.gov
www.fortgreenepark.org
www.framery.com
libraryautomation.com
www.law.ou.edu
teachpol.tcnj.edu
libweb.uncc.edu

[snippy_about_it]

Letter from Cornwallis to Lord George Germain regarding the battle: March 17, 1781

This account article is Compiled from Walter Clark, ed., State Records of North Carolina, vol. XVII (Goldsboro, N.C., 1899), 1002-1007.

My Lord,

I have the satisfaction to inform your Lordship that His Majesty’s Troops under my command obtained a signal victory on the 15th Inst[ant] over the Rebel Army commanded by General Greene....The conduct and actions of the officers and soldiers that compose this little army will do more justice to their merit than I can by words. Their persevering intrepidity in action, their invincible patience in the hardship and fatigue of a march of above 600 miles, in which they forded several large rivers, and numberless Creeks, many of which would be reckoned large rivers in any other country in the world, without tents or covering against the climate, and often without provisions, will sufficiently manifest their ardent zeal for the honor and interests of their Sovereign and their Country....I have the honor to inclose to your Lordship the list of our killed and wounded....

Unit:	Killed	Wounded	Missing	Total
Royal Artillery	2	4	0	6
Brigade of Guards	37	157	22	216
23rd Regiment	13	55	0	68
33rd	11	63	0	74
71st	13	50	0	63
Regt. von Bose [Hessians]	10	67	3	80
Yager [Hessians]	4	3	1	8
British Legion [cavalry]	3	14	0	17
TOTALS	93	413	26	532

Letter from Nathanael Greene to to Governor Abner Nash of North Carolina

Quoted from Richard K. Showman and Dennis M. Conrad, eds., The Papers of General Nathanael Greene, vol. VII (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 448.

Time will not permit me to be very particular, and therefore I shall only Confirm the account of there having been an action on the 15th. The battle was fought near Guilford Court House. It was long and severe. We gave up the ground and were obliged to leave our artillery, all the horses being killed. We retreated in good order....The Enemy loss is very great, much more than ours. We ought to have had a victory, and had your Militia stood by their officers it was certain. However the enemy have gained no advantage, except the ground and field pieces. Their operating force is diminished in such a manner, that I am not without hope of turning their victory into defeat, if the Militia don’t leave me....

On March 16, Greene’s adjutant, Col. O. H. Williams compiled a list of casualties to send to Samuel Huntington, President of Congress:

Unit:	Killed	Wounded	Missing	Total
Virginia Regulars	29	40	39	108
Maryland Regulars	15	42	97	154
Del. Batt’n	7	13	15	35
VA Militia, lst Brig.	11	36	141	188
VA Militia, 2nd Brig.	1	16	87	104
Rifle Regts.	3	16	94	113
Cavalry	3	8	3	14
Partizan Legion	3	8	7	18
NC Cavalry	1	1	0	2
NC Militia	6	5	563	574
TOTALS	79	185	1,046	1,310

NOTE: Most of the missing Americans were militiamen who simply went home after the battle. For this reason, most authorities figure total American casualties as 264 killed and wounded.

[mykdsmom]

Ping and Bump!

[snippy_about_it]

John Kerry told the world we were war criminals who raped, tortured and murdered in Vietnam. Now, thirty-three years later, we will tell America the truth.

Join us at the rally we call:

What: A peaceful remembrance of those with whom we served in Vietnam - those who lived and those who died.
We will tell the story of their virtues and how that contrasts with the lies told by John Kerry.

When: Sunday, Sept. 12, 2004 @ 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM EDT

Where: Upper Senate Park, Washington, D.C. It is easy to get to, shady and pretty, with a great view of the Capitol dome in back of the speaker's platform. THIS IS A NEW LOCATION AS OF 7/17/04

All Vietnam veterans and their families and supporters are asked to attend. Other veterans are invited as honored guests. This will be a peaceful event--no shouting or contact with others with different opinions. We fought for their rights then, and we respect their rights now. This is NOT a Republican or a pro-Bush rally. Democrats, Republicans and independents alike are warmly invited.

Our gathering is to remember those with whom we served, thereby giving the lie to John Kerry's smear against a generation of fine young men. B.G. "Jug" Burkett, author of "Stolen Valor," will be one of our speakers. Jug has debunked countless impostors who falsely claimed to be Vietnam veterans or who falsely claimed awards for heroism. Jug recommends that we refrain from dragging fatigues out of mothballs. Dress like America, like you do every day. Dress code: business casual, nice slacks, and shirt and shoes. No uniform remnants, please. Unit hats OK.

Selected members will wear badges identifying them as authorized to speak to the media about our event. Others who speak to the media will speak only for themselves.

The program will be controlled in an attempt to stay on-message. Speakers are encouraged not to engage in speculative criticism of John Kerry but (1) to stick to known and undisputed facts about John Kerry’s lies while (2) reminding America of the true honor and courage of our brothers in battle in Vietnam.

Send this announcement to 10 or more of your brothers! Bring them by car, bus, train or plane! Make this event one of pride in America, an event you would be proud to have your mother or your children attend.

Contact: kerrylied.com

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Veterans for Constitution Restoration is a non-profit, non-partisan educational and grassroots activist organization. The primary area of concern to all VetsCoR members is that our national and local educational systems fall short in teaching students and all American citizens the history and underlying principles on which our Constitutional republic-based system of self-government was founded. VetsCoR members are also very concerned that the Federal government long ago over-stepped its limited authority as clearly specified in the United States Constitution, as well as the Founding Fathers' supporting letters, essays, and other public documents.

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Actively seeking volunteers to provide this valuable service to Veterans and their families.

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UPDATED THROUGH APRIL 2004



The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul

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[snippy_about_it]

"FALL IN" to the FReeper Foxhole!



It's Friday. Good Morning Everyone.


If you would like to be added to our ping list, let us know.

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[snippy_about_it]

That was quick. First in!

[Poundstone]

I was born and raised in Greensboro. I've spent many happy hours walking all over the battlefield, which is a US national military park. Both the battlefield and museum are real gems. Well worth a visit.

[SAMWolf]

Thanks for the bump mykdsmom.

[SAMWolf]

I've never had the honor of visiting any of our Revolutionary War sites. :-(

[snippy_about_it]

Neat. I've been to NC, nice state but never to any of North Carolina's battlefields.

[Iris7]

Nathaniel Greene, certainly with both historical and tactical understanding, was executing the exact standard Mongol tactic. Genghis Khan would have seen it immediately.

The "collapse" of the front, the skirmishes, more like battles, on the side, the exactly timed withdrawal. General Greene knew EXACTLY what he was doing, every step of the way. Too bad for you, Charlie Cornwallis.

Shame about losing good British troops. Think of the lads this very hour in southern Iraq. We were shooting their great great grandads. The 23rd Welsh Fusilliers were the lads at Rorke's Drift, recollect. War really is an ugly affair.

[Iris7]

War is a very good thing when it prevents a worse future. The Iraq war is one such war.

My own analysis is that George Bush has gone a very long way in preventing a war with China, amongst many other things, and all of these things are very good, or better. No wonder the Democrat Party types hate him so. And the French. The Germans are coming around.

We are going to see Poland and Russia getting along better than they have since the Teutonic Knights era. Not smoochie-smoochie or anything like that, of course, but Pax Americana.

The Chinese are saying that there will be Russian troops in Iraq by the end of the year, by the way. Well, floating a trial balloon. Isvestia is talking about it, also. Hehe.

The President is a very remarkable man. Let us pray that God will continue to bless America. Man, I would have George Walker Bush King. Most serious when I say that. Imagine the jacked jaws! Imagine Hilary's bottled up rage, showing in every line in her face! Think of the suicides! A lovely thought indeed.

[E.G.C.]

Good morning, snippy and everyone at the Freeper Foxhole.

[alfa6]

A Revolutionary Bump for the Freeper Foxhole

A good morning to all

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

[The Mayor]

September 10, 2004

A Way Of Life

Read: Colossians 3:5-9

Do not let the sun go down on your wrath. —Ephesians 4:26

Bible In One Year: Proverbs 8-9; 2 Corinthians 3

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How did everything get so dirty so fast?" I grumbled as I dusted the glass tabletop. "I had the whole house clean a month ago."

"Cleaning is a way of life, not an event," my husband responded.

I know he's right, but I hate to admit it. I want to clean the house once and have it stay that way. But dirt doesn't surrender that easily. Speck by speck, the dust returns. Piece by piece, the clutter piles up.

Sin is like the dust and clutter in my house. I want to eliminate all of it with one prayer of confession and repentance. But sin doesn't surrender that easily. Thought by thought, bad attitudes return. Choice by choice, un-pleasant consequences pile up.

The apostle Paul told the believers in Colosse to get rid of "anger, wrath, malice, blasphemy, filthy language" (Colossians 3:8). And he told the church at Ephesus, "Be angry, and do not sin: do not let the sun go down on your wrath" (Ephesians 4:26).

Christ's death and resurrection eliminated the need for daily sacrifice. But confession and repentance are still essential to the Christian's daily life. Getting rid of such things as anger, rage, and malice is a way of life, not a one-time event. —Julie Ackerman Link

We're thankful, Lord, that when we fall
We can begin anew
If humbly we confess our sin,
Then turn and follow You. —Sper

The best eraser in the world is an honest confession to God.

[Samwise]

G'morning, Mayor!

I like your lessons. To this one, I can really relate. :^)

[Constitution Day]

Thank you!
You know, I've never been to the battlefield. I will have to try and make it up there sometime.

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on September 10:
1487 Julius III Counter-Reformation pope (1550-55)
1736 Carter Braxton signed Decl of Ind
1810 Albert Gallatin Blanchard Brig General (Confederate Army)
1815 Eleazer Arthur Paine Brig General (Union volunteers)
1832 Randall Lee Gibson Brig General (Confederate Army), died in 1892
1836 Joseph Wheeler Maj Gen/Cavalry Commander, Army of Tennessee
1839 Isaac Kauffman Funk US, publisher (Funk & Wagnalls)
1893 Al "Fuzzy" St John Santa Ana Calif, actor (Lash of the West)
1907 Fay Wray Alberta Canada, actress-King Kong's main squeeze
1914 Robert Wise movie director (Day the Earth Stood Still)
1915 Edmond O'Brien NYC, actor (Sam Benedict, Johnny Midnight)
1925 Roy James Brown New Orleans, boxer/soul singer (Good Rockin' Tonight)
1929 Arnold Palmer golfer (PGA Golfer of the Year 1960, 1962)
1933 Yevgeny V Khrunov USSR, cosmonaut (Soyuz 5)
1934 Charles Kuralt Wilmington NC, newscaster (On the Road)
1934 Roger Maris Yankee, HR champ (61 in 1961, AL MVP 1960, 1961)
1945 Jos‚ Feliciano Lares PR, singer/songwriter (Light my Fire)
1945 Richard M Mullane Tx, USAF/astro (STS 41-D, STS-27, STS-36)
1948 Margaret Trudeau Vancouver BC, former Canadian 1st lady/loonytoon
1950 Joe Perry Boston, rocker (Aerosmith-Walking the Dog)
1953 Amy Irving Palo Alto, Cal, actress (Yentl, Carrie, Crossing Delancy)
1965 Allison Daughtry actress (Guilding Light)

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Deaths which occurred on September 10:
0918 Boudouin II the Bare originator of Flanders territory, dies
1382 Louis I, the Great, King of Hungary/Poland, dies
1419 John the Fearless Burgundy France, warrior, murdered at 48
1842 Letitia Tyler Pres Tyler's wife, dies at 51
1942 Nachman N "Neddy" Bamberg actor, dies in Auschwitz at 63
1961 Leo Carrillo actor who portrayed Pancho on Cisco Kid, dies at 81
1976 Dalton Trumbo, US writer/director/commie (Johnny Got His Gun), dies at 70
1976 Mordecai Johnson 1st black president of Howard U, dies at 86
1977 Hamida Djandoubi convicted murderer last to, die in the guillotine
1991 Yves Montand actor (Lets Make Love, Z), dies at 70

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1965 RIVERS WENDELL B. SEWARD NE.
[02/12/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1966 PETERSON DOUGLAS B. MINEOLA IA.
[03/01/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE IN 98]
1966 TALLEY BERNARD L. BALTIMORE MD.
[03/04/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1966 TATUM LAWRENCE B. CHATTANOOGA TN.
1971 CORNWELL LEROY J. III TUSCON AZ.
[REMAINS RETURNED 08/94]
1971 IVAN ANDREW JR. SOUTH RIVER NJ
[REMAINS RETURNED 08/94]
1972 MUSSELMAN STEPHEN OWEN TEXARKANA TX.
[REMAINS RETURNED 07/08/81"]
1974 DEAN CHARLES

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
0422 St Celestine I begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1349 Jews who survived a massacre in Constance Germany are burned to death
1608 John Smith elected president of Jamestown colony council, Va
1623 Lumber and furs are the first cargo to leave New Plymouth in North America for England.
1776 George Washington asks for a spy volunteer, Nathan Hale volunteers
1813 Comm Oliver H Perry defeats the British in the Battle of Lake Erie
1823 Simon Bolivar named president of Peru
1846 Elias Howe patents the sewing machine
1847 1st theater opens in Hawaii
1858 John Holden hits the 1st recorded HR (Bkln vs NY)
1861 Battle at Cheat Mountain, Elkwater West Virginia
1861 Battle of Carnifex Ferry VA 170 casualities
1869 Baptist minister invents the rickshaw in Yokohama, Japan
1882 1st international conference to promote anti-semitism meets in Dresden Germany (Congress for Safeguarding of Non-Jewish Interests)
1894 London taxi driver George ("Mac") Smith is 1st to be fined for drunk driving
1899 2nd quake in 7 days hits Yakutat Bay Alaska
1910 Great Idaho Fire destroys 3 million acres of timber
1912 J. Vedrines becomes the first pilot to break the 100 m.p.h. barrier
1913 Lincoln Highway opens as 1st paved coast-to-coast highway
1919 NYC welcomes home Gen John J Pershing & 25,000 WW I soldiers
1922 Largest Polo Grounds crowd Meusel, Ruth & Gehrig consecutive HRs
1924 Leopold & Loeb found guilty of murder
1927 France wins its 1st Davis Cup
1930 Charles E Mitchell, named minister to Liberia
1939 Canada declares war on Germany
1940 Buckingham Palace hit by German bomb
1942 RAF drops 100,000 bombs on Dusseldorf
1945 Vidkun Quisling sentenced to death for collaborating with Nazis
1948 Mildred Gillars(Axis Sally),Nazi radio propagandist during World War II, was indicted for treason in Washington, D.C.
1953 Swanson sells its 1st "TV dinner" (YUM!)
1954 12 second shock kills 1,460 in Orleansville Algeria
1955 "Gunsmoke" premiers on CBS TV
1956 Louisville Ky public schools integrate
1960 NY Yankee Mickey Mantle hits 643' HR over right field roof in Detroit
1960 Running barefoot, Ethiopian Abebe Bikila wins Rome Olympic marathon
1961 Mickey Mantle becomes 7th to hit HR # 400
1962 Rod Laver wins the Grand Slam of tennis
1963 President John F. Kennedy federalizes Alabama's National Guard to prevent Governor George C. Wallace from using guardsmen to stop public-school desegregation.
1963 20 black students entered public schools in Alabama
1964 Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA) forms
1966 Beatles' "Revolver," album goes #1 & stays #1 for 6 weeks
1967 Gibraltar votes 12,138 to 44 to remain British
1969 NY Mets sweep Montreal Expos putting them in 1st place for 1st time
1972 Emerson Fittipaldi is youngest to win an auto race World Championship
1973 Muhammad Ali defeats Ken Norton
1974 Guinea-Bissau gains independence from Portugal
1974 Lou Brock ties (104) & then sets (105) baseball stolen base mark
1974 Teuvo Louhivouri sets cycling distance record of 515.8 mi in 24 hrs
1976 2 airliners collide over Yugoslavia, kills all 176 aboard
1978 4th game of the Boston Massacre; Yanks beat Red Sox 7-4. This ties them for 1st place. Yanks out hit 'em 67-21; score 42-9
1979 3 Puerto Rican nationalists who attempted to kill Truman are freed
1980 Bill Gullickson, sets rookie record of striking out 18
1982 Decca releases Beatle audition "The Complete Silver Beatles" album
1984 Sean O'Keefe (11) is youngest to cycle across US (24 days)
1986 Bryan O'Connor named chairman of Space Flight Safety Panel
1988 Steffi Graf wins US Open, 1st woman Grand Slam since Court (1970)
1989 East Germans begin their flight to the west (via Hungary & Czech)
1990 George Bush & Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Helsinki
1990 Iran agrees to resume diplomatic ties with Iraq
1990 1st time in NY Yankee history they are completely swept in a season series, Oakland A's beat them 12 games to 0
1991 Senate Committee begins hearings on Clarence Thomas' nomination
1992 Lucy in Peanuts comics raises her Pyschiatric Help from 5cents to 47 cents
1993 Israel & PLO sign joint recognition statements
1996 Reform Party presidential candidate Ross Perot choose author Pat Choate as his running mate.
2000 Controversial basketball coach Bob Knight was fired by Indiana University
2002 Switzerland and East Timor joined the United Nations, expanding the membership roll to 191.

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Belize : National Day/St George's Caye Day (1798)
Scotland : Fisherman's Walk Day
Swap Ideas Day
Yugoslav Navy Day.
Fall Hat Week (Day 3)
National Rice Month

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Religious Observances
RC : Commemoration of St Nicholas of Tolentino, confessor/hermit
RC Pulcheria Aelia, Oostromeins empress/daughter of emperor Arcadius
RC Salvius/Salvy/Sauve, bishop of Albi

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Religious History
1224 The Franciscans (founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi) first arrived in England. They were originally called "Grey Friars" because of their gray habits. (The habit worn by modern Franciscans is brown.)
1718 The Collegiate School at New Haven, CT, changed its name to Yale. (Congregationalists, unhappy with an increasing religious liberalism at Harvard, had founded Yale, the third oldest college in America, in 1701.)
1734 English revivalist George Whitefield wrote in a letter: 'Pain, if patiently endured, and sanctified to us, is a great purifier of our corrupted nature.'
1794 Blount College -- the first American nondenominational institution of higher learning -- was established in Knoxville. (It later became the University of Tennessee.)
1819 Birth of Canadian hymnwriter Joseph Scriven. The accidental drowning of his bride-to-be the night before their wedding led to a life of depression; yet he also authored the hymn of comfort, "What a Friend We Have in Jesus."

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Thought for the day :
"Those who live by the sword...get shot by those who don't."

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Translating Southern United States Slang to English...
HOT - noun. A blood-pumping organ

Usage: Mah brother in Jawjuh has a big Hot

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How Many Dogs Does it Take to Change Light Bulb?
Border Collie: Just one. And then I'll replace any wiring that's not up to code.

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Politically Correct Terms For Males...
He is not : DULL
He is : CHARM FREE

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What's Your Business Astrological Sign?...
SALES
Laziest of all signs, often referred to as "marketing without a degree". You are also self-centred and paranoid. Unless someone calls you and begs you to take their money, you like to avoid contact with customers so you can "concentrate on the big picture". You seek admiration for your golf game throughout your life.

[Samwise]

G'morning CD,

Do you happen to live near Lenoir, NC?