The FReeper Foxhole Studies The History of Army Food Service - November 10th, 2003

http://www.quartermaster.army.mil/ ^

[snippy_about_it]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.


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The Best Feeding The Best


A Brief History of Army Food Service

Dr. Steven E. Anders, Quartermaster Corps Historian

Before an army can be armed, equipped and trained to fight, first and foremost it must be fed. Without adequate food, the most dedicated, spirited soldiers in the world will not long survive, on or off the battlefield. For as the old French proverb has it, "the soup makes the soldier."

"Nasty Cloaths – Nasty Cookery." From the very creation of the American Army, the Continental Congress recognized the patriots’ need for a stable diet. Early legislation passed in November 1775 authorized a basic ration, a daily allotment of meat, bread, vegetables and milk for every soldier who took up arms. But as any student of the Revolution knows, such mandates often fell far short of the mark. Troops occasionally suffered to the point of near starvation. During that terrible winter at Valley Forge, General Washington had only to open his door and hear the mournful chant of hungry troops – "No meat! No meat!" – to realize that his army teetered on the verge of collapse. Fortunately for us they endured the hardships, staved off defeat and the nation was born.

Ironically, the Army ration prescribed by Congress in the post-Revolutionary decades appeared less generous than before. It called for the usual salted meat and bread, and some form of beverage; but lacked perishables – fresh vegetables, milk, butter and fish. Without such fruits and vegetables the men found themselves vulnerable to disease, the most common and dreaded being scurvy. Doctors of the day, though lacking dietary and nutritional knowledge, recognized such deficiencies and urged reform, but were largely unheeded before the Civil War. In 1832, however, President Andrew Jackson took the bold step of substituting coffee and sugar for the traditional allowance of rum, whiskey or brandy. To this day, coffee remains a mainstay of the soldier’s diet.



Hardtack and Coffee Days. During the American Civil War, both Union and Confederate governments had to gear up for what amounted to total war, to sustain the largest armies ever seen on this continent from 1861 to 1865. Ultimately more than a half million Union troops in the field had to be fed daily. Theoretically each was to receive 20 ounces or more of salt pork or beef, 18 ounces of flour, some dried beans, coffee, sugar, vinegar and salt. However, as in the past, reality proved otherwise.

Especially on the march, both Billy Yank and Johnny Reb had to make do with "iron" rations: an unsliced piece of salt pork, more like cheap bacon, which the troops called "sowbelly." Hardtack – a three-inch square, quarter-inch thick "cracker" made of compressed white flour and shortening – which was often so hard they became known as "teeth-dullers." In order to consume the hardtack, soldiers had to break it into bits and soak it in coffee, or fry it up in grease into a concoction known as "skilleygalee" or "hellfire stew." And, of course, coffee. Each soldier was supposed to get enough coffee beans to make six strong cups a day.

The Civil War era did reflect some notable innovations in subsistence. For years the Underwood Company of Boston had shown how canning could improve food preservation, and in 1856 Gail Borden began producing condensed and evaporated milk. The Army’s Subsistence Department also introduced widespread use of desiccated vegetables. These were steamed onions, cabbage, turnips and carrots that were pressed into thin sheets and dried. When boiled in water, they expanded into a vegetable dish sufficient to feed four soldiers. The problem was that the dish looked unappetizing, smelled bad and tasted worse. As a result, many refused to eat what they scoffingly referred to as "desecrated vegetables."



America’s Army is, and always has been, a reflection of the broader society. Improvements in such things as agriculture, science and industry, in domestic habits, and overall standard of living have invariably made life better for those in uniform. That was certainly the case in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Increased scientific evidence made clearer than ever before the importance of proper nutrients in a healthy diet, and the role of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and minerals as the body’s "building blocks" for growth and energy. And vitamins as well. Thus setting the stage for a revolution in our understanding of how and why good food is critical to the well-being of us all.

At the same time, one can look back on the post-Civil War’s industrial age as a period of markedly improved food processing, handling, packaging and transporting. Published cookbooks became a staple in middle class homes, as did sinks with running water, iceboxes, and cast iron ranges for the modern kitchen. Advances soon to be felt within the nation’s Army as well.

During the Civil War, the typical soldier in the field had to cook for himself. More likely, he and a few buddies pooled their rations and ate together as a "mess," assigning the role of cook to the one who best knew his way around a campfire. In the postwar years, the value of a uniformed cook was eventually rewarded with increased rank and a hike in pay. Yet it was not until the first Cooks and Bakers School was opened at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1905 that a serious attempt was made to train cooks to an acceptable standard.



"Remember the Maine!" As much as anything, perhaps it was the experience of the Spanish American War (1898) that convinced senior leaders of the need for reform in the way field feeding was handled. The "Splendid Little War," as Secretary of State John Hay once called it, proved remarkably successful from a strategic and a tactical perspective. Logistically, however, there were some equally spectacular shortcomings. For many, field feeding topped the list.

Troops alleged that the canned boiled beef they were fed was "uneatable." Stringy, smelly and sometimes spoiled from having sat too long in the hot Cuban sun, the beef looked to be adulterated. Rumor was that it was leftover meat from the Civil War, covered with preservatives. Before long the cry of "embalmed beef!" was echoing through the halls of Congress, prompting a series of investigative committees. Even though it later turned out that many of the harshest criticisms were unwarranted, the need for change was obvious. One need only contemplate the fact that in the so-called "Splendid Little War" of a century ago, only 268 of the 3,862 who died were killed by bullets or wounds. The overwhelming majority of fatalities (by a margin of 14 to 1) succumbed from disease and illness – including foodborne illness.



The period separating the Spanish American War from World War I indeed proved to be a reformist era, for the US military in general and Quartermaster food service in particular. Cooks and Bakers Schools began popping up at other locations beyond Fort Riley. Here and there, enterprising souls could be found experimenting with new types of camp stoves, mobile kitchens, field bake ovens and other types of cooking utensils. Not much, but at least it was a start.

More important, in August 1912, Congress merged the old Pay, Subsistence, and Quartermaster Departments into a single Quartermaster Corps. From now on the Army subsistence and food service mission belonged squarely to the Quartermaster Corps. This same piece of legislation also had the effect of "militarizing" the Corps, by allotting trained military personnel to do the work formerly done by hired civilian clerks, carpenters, packers, teamsters, blacksmiths, laborers, etc. – as well as cooks. Thus was born what today has become the Army’s highly trained, professional Food Service Specialist who has the 92G military occupational specialty (MOS).

Over There.


World War I - All kitchens in line and everybody makes themselves at home before a village, 1st Division Nonsard (Muse) France - 13 September 1918

The US entry into World War I saw a rapid expansion and development of the Quartermaster food service mission beyond anything previously imagined. Technological breakthroughs permitted vast shipments of refrigerated foods, boneless beef, and much-improved dehydrated vegetables to Allied forces on the Western Front. Monster-size depots equipped with the world’s biggest refrigerator plants made possible the storage and distribution of millions of rations, including fresh meats, vegetables and dairy products. For the first time, trained cooks led their mule-drawn mobile kitchens, called "slum burners," right into the trenches. Not perfect by any means, but their overall effectiveness lent more than passing truth to the notion that General John J. Pershing’s doughboys were the best-fed army in World War I. Likewise, their courage under fire from 1917 to 1918 often earned for them a level of respect usually reserved for combat veterans alone.



World War I failed to ensure a lasting peace. Within a few short years after the Armistice was signed, war clouds again appeared on the horizon. During that all too brief interlude, Quartermaster food service personnel served the nation in places other than the battlefield proper. Quartermasters provided much-needed relief to victims of natural disaster throughout the 1920s and 1930s and also supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – an "army" of several hundred thousand workers doing the nation’s bidding from coast to coast at the height of the Great Depression. Although unappreciated until years later, the CCC experience held a foretaste of what it would be like when forced to mobilize again for World War II.

In other developments, the Quartermaster Corps opened a new Subsistence School in Chicago, Illinois, in 1920 to train officers, warrant officers, civilians and senior noncommissioned officers (NCOs) in all aspects of Army food service. Hundreds graduated from the program before it ended on the eve of World War II. Even though money for research was all but non-existent, some initial steps were taken, especially in the late thirties, to use scientific data in the development of new multi-use rations.



Feeding a Global Army.

With the sudden attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, followed by full-scale mobilization in the months that followed, a steady stream of diverse rations made their way through the developmental process and were rushed into production: A-, B-, C-, D- and K-Rations, arctic and jungle-type rations, 5-in-1 and 10-in-1 group rations, assault packs and many, many more.

New equipment as well, from truck-mounted stoves and ovens, to new types of cans and can openers, materials handling equipment, refrigerator vans, and again much more – all for the purpose of providing combat soldiers (unprecedented mobile troops at that) with the best, and the best prepared, food available.


World War II - "Chow-line" at engineers base camp in mountains, Alcan (Alaskan-Canadian) Highway Construction 21 August 1942

At the height of World War II, Army cooks were serving upwards of 24 million meals a day. Army cooks saw the overall consumption of nearly 13 billion pounds of meat and an estimated 12 billion pounds of fresh, dehydrated and canned vegetables. Clearly, from farm and factory to the foxhole at the front, World War II set a new standard for Army food service.


World War II -Crew of a new tank destroyer show their enthusiasm at the arrival of the rations truck with their Christmas turkey. 5th Army, Bisomo Area, Italy -1944

The immediate postwar years saw only marginal improvements in the development of field rations, with the Meal, Combat, Individual (MCI) gradually replacing C-Rations. The Army introduced the 5-pound, canned E-Ration in 1947 and a host of new "survival food packets" for various climates, precooked frozen meals, "quick serve" group rations, and more brand name accessories and sundry packs.


Korea - Members of Task Force Indianhead set up hot coffee on the capitol ground less than 24 hours after the liberation of the North Korean capital, Pyongyang, Korea -21 October 1950

Still in all, Army cooks in the Korean Conflict from 1950 to 1953 found themselves using much the same types of rations and equipment as their World War II counterparts of a few years back.


Korea - Men of Company A, 1st Bn, 19th Inf Reg, 24th Infantry Division receive their New Year's Day dinner on the main line of resistance in the field. -1 January 1952

Experimenters at Natick Laboratories outside Boston, Massachusetts in the mid- to late-fifties did extensive testing on irradiated food products. These never reached the fielding stage.



The 1950s, however, did seem to take full advantage of the postwar revolution in commercial kitchen appliances to help modernize garrison dining facilities throughout the military. (Here we have to remind ourselves that the Quartermaster food service mission involves far more than wartime field feeding and the evolution of combat rations.



After all, most of the soldiers, most of the time, even in the face of modern war, will find themselves eating in a garrison-type setting. So improvements in this area too are vitally important.)

A tour through a late-fifties vintage, up-to-date dining facility might reveal such marvelous innovations as: an electric "potato peeler" or "KP’s delight" (technical name Vegetable Peeling Machine) capable of peeling 100 to 400 pounds of potatoes per hour. A 140-quart, Vertical-Type Rotary Mixing Machine for mixing doughs, batters, potatoes and the like. Large-scale refrigerators called "reach-in boxes." Stoves and ranges with "hot tops" and griddles, and an assortment of "range assistants" (steam kettles, deep-fat fryers, bain marie or "veggie warmers," and triple deck ovens). A conveyor-type toaster for toasting upwards of 500-600 slices of bread per hour. And a shiny new twin coffee urn, for perking 15 gallons of java at a time. And, of course, an industrial strength dishwasher to help clean up. Though taken for granted by today’s Food Service Specialists, these must have been rather awe-inspiring devices a half-century ago.



From Saigon to Dhahran. One thing can be said with certainty about Vietnam – "America’s longest war" – the US soldiers there ate well. Not from the moment the first troops arrived, but over time as the logistics infrastructure improved. By the late 1960s, it was not uncommon to find ice cream and eggs to order at far-flung fire support bases. The Sea Land Corporation off-loaded large refrigerator cargo vans and convoyed them to major distribution centers throughout the country. Use of helicopters permitted troops in the field to enjoy garrison-type meals almost on a daily basis.

In 1965-66, subsistence personnel instituted the "Push Package" system to funnel rations into South Vietnam. With the rapid buildup of troops in-country, it did not take long to convert from MCI feeding to the feeding of B-Ration meats and components of the A-Ration. By 1969 a new 28-day menu had been successfully instituted, reducing somewhat the need for refrigeration. More than 90 percent of the meals were being served hot.


Vietnam era chow line

Troops on patrol could usually expect at least one hot meal a day delivered in insulated food containers. At other times they could rely on canned MCIs and the newly created Long Range Patrol (LRP) Packets, with their assortment of dehydrated components. Also, new ration sundry packs contained such items as candy, tobacco products, stationery, shoe laces and sewing kits. For those stationed at base camps in the rear, the 1968 "cantonment mess" project led to major upgrades in dining facilities all across Vietnam.

In the quarter-century since the war ended in Southeast Asia in 1973, there have been other major changes in the way America’s Army is fed. Thermal processed Meals, Ready-to-Eat (MREs), sealed in soft brown, lightweight retort pouches, were added to the growing family of field rations in the late 1970s and fielded in the decade that followed. To these were later added flameless ration heaters, giving soldiers the option of eating a balanced hot meal anytime, anywhere. Since then, the variety of MRE menus has also expanded.



With the sudden call-up and rapid expansion of troops sent to Saudi Arabia in late summer 1990 in response to Operation Desert Shield, Army food service personnel faced an enormous challenge: how to feed a force of nearly 400,000 troops, deployed at a distance of some 8,000 miles from home, in an inhospitable desert environment. Yet, they more than met the challenge - served upwards of 94 million meals over the course of six months. Broke new ground by maximizing the use of host nation support in the form of contracted dining facilities, milk, bread, fresh fruits and vegetables. And successfully used a mixture of B-Rations, MREs and T-Rations (Tray Packs) for field feeding. Operation Desert Shield/Storm also saw the hurry-up development and fielding of such unique items as pouch bread and slow-to-melt, high-energy "Desert Bars."

Today’s Food Service Specialist is the product of more than two-and-a-quarter centuries of steady change and improvement. From the constant introduction of new technology and our increased understanding of the body’s dietary requirements, to the vastly improved training environment provided every soldier who attends the Army Center of Excellence, Subsistence (ACES) located at Fort Lee, Virginia, the message is the same. The US Army Quartermaster Corps remains committed to Supporting Victory – and to the idea of The Best Feeding the Best.

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FReeper Foxhole Armed Services Links

[snippy_about_it]

Quartermaster Cooks - History of Dedication



Today, one of every four Quartermasters in the Active Army, US Army Reserve and Army National Guard is a cook – a soldier with the military occupational specialty of 92G (Food Service Specialist). Throughout the Army’s history, Quartermaster cooks have distinguished themselves in combat.

World War I. Sergeant Edward Greene, a cook for Battery F, 10th Field Artillery, 3d Infantry Division, found himself without a mission when his field kitchens were destroyed in a pre-assault bombardment. The Germans were mounting a major offensive July 15, 1918, near the Marne River in France before the newly arrived American Army could make a difference in Europe. SGT Greene, without being ordered, began carrying ammunition forward to his battery’s guns. For several hours while under constant artillery shell fire and enemy observation, he performed his mission until wounded. He had to be ordered to the rear for medical attention. For his singular act of personal courage, SGT Greene was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.



World War II. Technician Fifth Grade (T/5) Eric G. Gibson was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his conspicuous gallantry and courage under fire. He was a company cook for the 30th Infantry Regiment who participated in the Allied invasion of Sicily, the Anzio Beach landing, and subsequent drive up the Italian peninsula. On January 28, 1944, near the village of Isola Bella, T/5 Gibson’s India Company came under withering enemy attack. He mobilized a tiny squad of replacements to rush out and secure the unit’s right flank – and in so doing, destroyed 4 enemy positions, killing 5 and capturing 2 Germans. He then went out a full 50 meters in front of the squad. Running, leaping and dodging automatic weapons fire, he single-handedly knocked out another enemy position with his machine pistol.



T/5 Gibson continued moving toward other bunkers and firing a submachine gun with almost every step forward, as enemy artillery began to zero in on his position. Refusing to stop his advance, he crawled the last 125 meters right through a concentrated artillery and small arms barrage. Dropping two hand grenades in a German machine-gun emplacement, he killed two more of the enemy and wounded another. In one final face-to-face engagement, he was mortally wounded.


Photo by Marine Corps Cpl. Jason Ingersoll

September 11, 2001. A Quartermaster chef was among 10 soldiers who received both the Soldier’s Medal and the Purple Heart for his actions immediately following the terrorist attack on the Pentagon’s west wing. Staff Sergeant Christopher D. Braman, a sous-chef who also was a purchasing agent at the General Officer’s Mess in the Pentagon, stated in print and broadcast interviews that "I believe you should never leave a fallen comrade." Terrorists had highjacked four commercial airliners on September 11, 2001 to explode the jetliners into four targets within the United States: two into the World Trade Center’s twin towers in New York City, one into the Pentagon, and a fourth aircraft that crashed into a Pennsylvania field instead of the White House as passengers tried to subdue the terrorists.

SSG Braman voluntarily ran back into the flaming Pentagon with other military personnel to take out as many badly burned victims as they could locate in the ruins. General John Keane, Army Vice Chief of Staff, described the actions of soldiers and civilians who received awards after the Pentagon attack: "when they reached a point of relative safety, some turned back…some entered the burning building from the outside…making multiple trips…until they were physically restrained by the firefighters and told ‘No more.’"

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Today's Educational Sources and suggestions for further reading:

www.quartermaster.army.mil
www.qmfound.com/army_subsistence_history.htm

[snippy_about_it]

The eight US Army Rangers were under heavy fire, roaring through the streets of Mogadishu in an armored personnel carrier, trying to reach their buddies who were under a relentless attack on the other side of the embattled city.

"The call went out for all able-bodied Rangers," said Lamb, who found himself in an armored personnel carrier with seven Army cooks, heading for the battle. "Don’t misunderstand. These guys are Rangers first, cooks second. They’re first-rate people." - John Carlson, "‘City Was Crawling With Bad Guys,’ Iowa Native Recounts Attack on Army Rangers in Mogadishu," October 9, 1993, Copyright 2002, reprinted with permission by
The Des Moines Register.

"We had to go through a terrible small-arms crossfire at every intersection," said Sgt. Richard Lamb, a Des Moines native who was one of the eight Rangers in the vehicle. "And then we got hit. It was a Soviet-made rocket-propelled grenade. It flattened three tires and blew off the oil pan.

The driver was wounded so I got behind the wheel and we took off again. Then another (grenade) hit the wall next to our vehicle. I took a piece of shrapnel in the forehead. Everything went kind of gray. And then there was this spurt of blood. I pushed my helmet down a little harder on my head to stop the flow of blood and drove us out of there. We reached our objective and got our guys out."

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For each mission, Rangers consider the augmenting and tailoring of a unit’s table of organization and equipment (TOE) as a normal practice. This TOE adaptability results in multiple, unique missions for the Quartermasters who are food service specialists in the 75th Ranger Regiment.

A Food Service Section conducts individual cross-training in organic weaponry, communications equipment, and Ranger small unit leadership tactics. The section’s primary mission in garrison is quality food service to its battalion.

However, during rapid deployments and brief missions, Rangers mainly eat operational rations. For such operations, a Quartermaster with the 92G MOS can find himself working on a team at a casualty collection point (CCP) attached to a line company or augmenting a critically short mortar squad or machine gun team.

During rotations at the Joint Readiness Training Center, I found myself attached to Bravo Company as a CCP team leader with the mission of timely evacuation support or assigned as the commander’s radio/telephone operator (RTO) carrying a PRC 77 with a KY 57 and enough equipment to equal a rucksack weighing more than 100 pounds.

[snippy_about_it]

[snippy_about_it]

.......FALL IN to the FReeper Foxhole!

.......Good Monday Morning Everyone!


If you would like added to our ping list let us know.

[snippy_about_it]

Tribute to a Generation - The memorial will be dedicated on Saturday, May 29, 2004.

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Actively seeking volunteers to provide this valuable service to Veterans and their families.

[E.G.C.]

Good morning Snippy and everyone at the Freeper Foxhole. We're forecast to reach the upper 60's today here in SW Oklahoma.

[aomagrat]

Today's classic warship, USS Idaho (BB-24)

Mississippi class battleship
displacement. 13,000 t.
length. 382'
beam. 77'
draft. 24'8"
speed. 17 k.
complement. 744
armament. 4 12", 8 8", 8 7", 12 3", 2 21" tt.

The USS Idaho (BB-24) was launched by William Cramp & Son's, Philadelphia, 9 December 1905; sponsored by Miss Louise Gooding, daughter of the Governor of Idaho; and commissioned at Philadelphia Navy Yard 1 April 1908, Captain S. W. B. Diehl in command.

The new battleship conducted a shakedown cruise to Cuba April-May 1908, and after a visit to Panama returned to Philadelphia for alterations. The ship took part in the giant naval review in Hampton Roads 22 February 1909 celebrating the return of the Great White Fleet from its around the world cruise. In March she returned to the Caribbean for maneuvers, continuing to take part in training operations until October 1910. Idaho sailed 29 October for exercises in British and French waters, and upon her return participated in gunnery exercises in Chesapeake Bay 19 to 28 March 1911.

Idaho sailed from Philadelphia 4 May 1911 for a cruise up the Mississippi River to Louisiana ports. She then steamed to the east coast of Florida for battleship maneuvers, and continued to operate off the coast and in the Caribbean until entering the reserve at Philadelphia 27 October 1913. There she remained until 9 May 1914, when the ship sailed to the Mediterranean with midshipmen for at sea training. After visiting various ports in North Africa and Italy and carrying out a rigorous training program, Idaho arrived Villefranche 17 July 1914, transferred her crew to Maine, and decommissioned 30 July. She was turned over to the government of Greece, whom she served as coastal defense ship Kilkis until being sunk in Salamis harbor by German aircraft in April 1941.

[manna]

Present!

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning EGC. It's 30 degrees now and expected to get into the mid 50's. That'll last about an hour. LOL.

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning aomagrat. Good aerial photo of the ship under attack.

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning manna.

[The Mayor]

I was a cook and my mos was 94B

Be imitators of God as dear children. —Ephesians 5:1

To become like Christ, we must learn from the Master.

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on November 10:
1483 Martin Luther Eisleben, Germany, founded Protestantism
1668 Francois Couperin Paris France, composer/organist (Concerts Royaux)
1683 George II king of England (1727-60)
1697 William Hogarth England, satiric painter/engraver (Rake's Progress)
1730 Oliver Goldsmith Ireland, novelist/dramatist (She Stoops to Conquer)
1759 Frederich von Schiller Germany, poet/lyricist (Ode to Joy)
1793 Jared Kirtland US, physician/naturalist/reformed penitentiaries
1819 Cyrus West Field financier/success of 1st transatlantic cable
1844 Sir John SD Thompson (C), 4th PM of Canada (1892-94)
1851 Waldemar Brígger Norway, geologist/mineralogist (Metamict State)
1861 Robert TA Innes Edinburgh Scotland, astronomer (Proxima Centauri)
1873 Henri Rabaud Paris France, composer (Le Premer Glaire)
1879 Nicholas Vachel Lindsay US, poet (Gen William Booth enters Heaven)
1879 Vachel Lindsay Springfield IL, poet (Johnny Appleseed)
1880 Sir Jacob Epstein sculptor (Adam, Jacob & the Angel)
1882 Frances Perkins 1st woman Cabinet member (Secretary of Labor 1933-45)
1889 Claude Rains London, actor (Invisible Man, Casablanca)
1895 John Knudsen Northrop aircraft designer (Northrop Air)
1907 Jane Froman St Louis MO, singer (Jane Froman's USA Canteen)
1911 Harry Andrews Kent England, actor (Equus, Man of La Mancha)
1916 Billy May Pittsburgh PA, orchestra leader (Milton Berle Show)
1916 Guido Turchi Rome Italy, composer (Invettiva)
1918 Jack McCoy Akron Ohio, TV host (Live Like a Millionaire)
1919 Clyde (Bulldog) Turner NFL center (Chicago Bears)
1919 George Fenneman TV announcer (You Bet Your Life)
1919 Moise Tshombe President of Katanga, then premier of the Congo (Zaire)
1925 Richard Burton South Wales, actor (Cleopatra, Virginia Woolf)
1930 Clarence M Pendleton Jr chairman of US comm on Civil Rights (1981-88)
1934 Norm Cash Eldorado Texas, 1st baseman (Detroit Tigers)
1935 Pippa Scott Los Angeles CA, actress (Virginian, Mr Lucky)
1935 Ronald E Evans St Francis KS, Captain USN/astronaut (Apollo 17)
1935 Roy Scheider Orange NJ, actor (All That Jazz, Jaws)
1937 Albert Hall Boothton Alabama, actor (Trouble in Mind, Ryan's 4)
1944 Dave Loggins singer (Please come to Boston)
1944 Tim Rice lyricist (Chess Moves, 1 Night in Bangkok)
1945 Donna Fargo NC, country singer (Happiest Girl in Whole USA)
1946 Alaina Reed Springfield Ohio, actress (Rose Lee Holloway-227)
1946 David Stockman Reagan's ex-budget director
1948 Greg Lake rock guitarist (Emerson, Lake & Palmer-Tarkus)
1949 Ann Reinking Seattle, dancer/actress (All the Jazz, Micki & Maude)
1950 Jack Scalia Brooklyn NY, actor (Berrengers, Hollywood Beat)
1954 Fernando Allende Mexico, actor (El Lobo Negro, The Phoenix)
1955 Jack Clark Pennsylvania, all star outfielder (Giants, Cards, Yanks, Padres)
1956 Sinbad comedian/actor (Different World, At the Apollo)
1959 MacKenzie Phillips Alexandria VA, actress (Julie-1 Day at a Time)
1961 Junior [Norman Giscombe], R&B singer (Mama used to Say)
1973 Khiry Abdulsamad Los Angeles CA, rocker (Boys-Dial My Heart, Lucky Charm)

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Deaths which occurred on November 10:
0461 Leo I the Great, Pope (440-61), dies
1865 Henry Wirzm Confederate prison supt executed for excessive cruelty
1938 Kemal Ataturk, [Mustafa Kemal], general/president Turkey, dies at 57
1968 Gerald Mohr actor (Christopher-Foreign Intrigue), dies at 54
1978 Linda Scott dies at 28
1981 Abel Gance French movie director, dies at 92
1982 Leonid I Brezhnev Soviet 1st sect, dies of a heart attack at 75
1984 Sudie Bond actress, dies at 56 of a respiratory ailment
1985 Pelle Lindbergh Philadelphia Flyer's goalie, dies in drunk driving accident

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1966 CARTER WILLIAM T.---LONGS SC.
[FAIL TO RETURN FROM MISSION]
1966 MC ATEER THOMAS J.---PITTSBURGH PA.
[FAIL TO RETURN FROM MISSION]
1966 O'BRIEN JOHN LAWRENCE---PITTSBURGH PA.
1966 RIORDAN JOHN M.---SEATTLE WA.
[FAIL TO RETURN FROM MISSION]
1966 SCHODERER ERIC J.---SURF CITY NJ.
[FAIL TO RETURN FROM MISSION]
1967 COOK KELLY F.---SIOUX CITY IA.
[NO CONTACT]
1967 CREW JAMES A.---WINBER PA.
[NO CONTACT]
1967 HUNEYCUTT CHARLES J. JR.---CHARLOTTE NC.
[NO CONTACT REMAINS RETURNED 10/25/89}
1967 MORGAN JAMES S.---EL DORADO AR.
[NO CONTACT]
1972 WRIGHT FREDERICK W.---HAWORTH NJ.
[REMAINS RETURNED 9/90]

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
0461 St Leo I ends his reign as Catholic Pope
1444 Battle at Varna, Black Sea: Sultan Murad II beats Crusaders
1567 Battle at St-Denis: French govt army vs Huguenots
1630 Failed palace revolution against Richelieu government in France
1674 Dutch formally cede New Netherlands (NY) to English
1775 US Marine Corps established by Congress
1782 In the last battle of the American Revolution, George Rodgers Clark attacks Indians and Loyalists at Chillicothe, in Ohio Territory.
1801 Kentucky outlaws dueling
1808 Osage Treaty signed
1836 Louis Napoleon banished to America
1864 Austrian Archduke Maximilian became emperor of Mexico
1871 Stanley presumes to meet Livingston in Ujiji, Central Africa
1891 1st Woman's Christian Temperance Union meeting held (in Boston)
1898 Race riot in Wilmington NC (8 blacks killed)
1908 1st Gideon Bible put in a hotel room
1917 41 suffragists are arrested in front of the White House
1918 Independence of Poland proclaimed by Jozef Pilsudski
1919 1st observance of National Book Week
1919 American Legion's 1st national convention (Minneapolis)
1926 Vincent Massey becomes 1st Canadian minister to USA
1928 Hirohito enthroned as Emperor of Japan
1940 Pittsburgh & Philadelphia play a penalty free NFL game
1945 College football's #1 Army beats #2 Notre Dame 48-0
1945 General Enver Hoxha becomes leader of Albania
1950 Jacobo Arbenz Guzm n elected President of Guatemala
1951 1st long distance telephone call without operator assistance
1954 Iwo Jima Memorial (servicemen raising US flag) dedicated in Arlington
1954 Lt Col John Strapp travels 632 MPH in a rocket sled
1957 NFL record crowd (102,368), '49ers vs Rams in LA
1960 Senate passes landmark Civil Rights Bill
1963 Gordie Howe takes over NHL career goal lead at 545
1968 Launch of Zond 6, 2nd unmanned circumlunar & return flight
1969 "Sesame Street" premieres on PBS TV
1970 Luna 17, with unmanned self-propelled Lunokhod 1, is launched
1971 US table tennis team arrived in China
1974 2nd meeting of Giants-Jets, Jets even series at 1 with 26-20 OT win
1974 Montreal Candiens shutout Washington Capitals 11-0
1975 Ore ship Edmund Fitzgerald & crew of 29 lost in storm on Lake Superior
1975 PLO leader Yasser Arafat addresses UN in NYC
1975 UN General Assembly approves resolution equating Zionism with racism
1976 Utah Supreme Court OKs execution of convicted murderer Gary Gilmore
1977 Major Indoor Soccer League officially organized (NYC)
1978 Israel's top negotiators broke away from Middle East peace talks
1978 Yanks trade Lyle, Rajsich, McCall, Heath & Ramos to Texas for Righetti, Mirabella, Beniquez, Jemison & Griffin
1980 Dan Rather refuses to pay his cabbie, CBS pays the $12.55 fare
1984 Miami Hurricanes blows 31-0 lead in 3rd quarter lose to MD 42-40
1986 River Rhine (Germany) polluted by chemical spill
1988 China confirms earthquake death toll will rise above current 938
1988 MLB All-Star team beats Japan 3-1 in Tokyo (Game 5 of 7)
1988 NY's MTA announces it may replace tokens with credit card type passes
1988 Orel Hershiser wins NL Cy Young award unanimously
1989 Guerrillas battle with government forces in El Salvador
1989 Germans begin punching holes in the Berlin Wall
1989 Word Perfect 5.1 is shipped
1990 Lebanon releases 2 French hostages (Camille Sontag & Marcel Coudari)
1991 Marty Glickman broadcasts his 1,000th football game
2084 Transit of Earth as seen from Mars

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

India : Guru Nanak's Day-1st teacher of the Sikhs
Indonesia : Hero Day/Youth Day
Iran : Death of Iman Ali Day
England : Lord Mayor's Day (Saturday)
US : Womens Veterans Recognition Week (Day 2)
Goddess of Reason (French observance).
International Drum Month

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Religious Observances
RC : Commemoration of St Andrew Avellino, confessor
Ang, RC : Commemoration of St Leo the Great, bishop of Rome, pope/dr

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Religious History
1766 In New Brunswick, New Jersey, Queen's College was chartered under the Dutch Reformed Church, to provide education "...especially in divinity, preparing [youth] for the ministry and other good offices." The present name of the school, Rutgers University, was adopted in 1924.
1770 French philosopher Fran_'__ois Voltaire, 75, uttered his famous remark: 'If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.'
1871 Following seven months of searching, foreign correspondent to the "New York Herald" Henry M. Stanley succeeded at last in locating Scottish missionary David Livingstone in Ujiji, Central Africa. Stanley prefaced his encounter with these words: 'Dr. Livingstone, I presume.'
1952 English apologist C.S. Lewis wrote in a letter: 'I believe that, in the present divided state of Christendom, those who are at the heart of each division are all closer to one another than those who are at the fringes.'
1977 It was announced that Pope Paul VI had ended the automatic excommunication imposed on divorced American Catholics who remarried. (The excommunication was first imposed by the Plenary Council of American Bishops in 1884.)

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Thought for the day :
"A wise man can see more from a the bottom of a well than a fool can see from a mountaintop."

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Question of the day...
Before they invented drawing boards, what did they go back to?

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Murphys Law of the day...(Laws of sex)
Love is a matter of chemistry, sex is a matter of physics.

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From the Cliff Clavin BIG book of stuff...
Twelve or more cows are known as a "flink."

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning Mayor.

Thank you for sharing with us today and thank you for your service to our country.

As an Army cook there must be some good stories you can tell. So tell me, do you cook at home or were those skill transferable to the home kitchen at all?

[snippy_about_it]

1782 In the last battle of the American Revolution, George Rodgers Clark attacks Indians and Loyalists at Chillicothe, in Ohio Territory.

I didn't know that and Chillocothe about 50 miles south of where I am. Thank you Valin.

[Soaring Feather]

Good morning everyone!
Have a great day.

[Darksheare]

Thankfully, I didn't see TRAYPacs mentioned.
Thnakfully.
Not sure what to say about the nasty exploding sausages and the so-called 'scrambled eggs' which were almost guaranteed to produce gross distortions of the digestive system resulting in rapid evacuation of same.
Especially when one got hit with teargas.

[snippy_about_it]

LOL. The types of foods and rations will have to wait for their own thread. Too much information for one day. ;)

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning feather.

[Darksheare]

Yes, TrayPac is definately subject all to it's own as anyone unfortunate enough to experience it will say.