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From: Isaiah 1:10-17
Religion without soul
[12] “When you come to appear before me,
who requires of you
this trampling of my courts?
[13] Bring no more vain offerings;
incense is an abomination to me.
New moon and sabbath and the calling of assemblies –
I cannot endure iniquity and solemn assembly.
[14] Your new moons and your appointed feasts
my soul hates;
they have become a burden to me,
I am weary of bearing them.
[15] When you spread forth your hands,
I will hide my eyes from you;
even though you make many prayers,
I will not listen;
your hands are full of blood.
Call to conversion
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Commentary:
1:2-39:8. The first part of the book of Isaiah is usually described as “First Isaiah”.
It includes prophetic passages that have as their background the threat posed by
the Assyrians to Judah and Jerusalem during the second half of the eighth centu-
ry BC. At the start and conclusion of this part, Jerusalem is referred to as a “be-
sieged city” and as “overthrown by aliens” (l:7-8; 36:1ff).
The sacred text links the people of Judah’s distress and uneasiness with the fact
that they have distanced themselves from God; they live without reference to him,
forgetful of all he has done for them. The future looks bleak, for there is no sign of
their heeding the prophet’s call to conversion. However, there is still some cause
for hope, for a remnant of Israel has kept faith with God, and from it a new, refor-
med people will emerge. In various ways a contrast is drawn between those (like
King Ahaz: cf. 7:1-17) who clearly do not put their trust in God, relying only on
human prudence to deal with the situation, and others (like King Hezekiah: 36:
1-38:22) who have recourse to the Lord and make every effort to remedy things;
they are confident that God will come to their aid and deliver them from danger.
The first part of the book contains prophetic passages that differ in style and ori-
gin. The oldest of them reflect the fear caused by the sheer might of Assyria,
which is depicted as a rod or staff wielded by the Lord in his anger (cf. 10:5). All
nations in the region felt threatened by Assyria, whose armies reached the very
gates of Jerusalem when Sennacherib besieged the city. (That siege marks the
end of this part of the book.)
These words of prophecy fall into six sections. The first deals with the threat han-
ging over Israel and Judah (1:2-12:6); and the second contains oracles to do with
foreign nations (13:1-23:18). The third, which in away contains the theological ba-
sis of all the teaching found in First Isaiah, and which is known as the “Apoca-
lypse of Isaiah”, deals with the sentence passed on the nations by the Lord (he
is supreme, and nothing escapes his justice); still, the light of salvation is always
on the horizon (24:1-27:13). Then we hear more about the misfortunes that threa-
ten Jerusalem on account of its sins — and further reason to hope that all is not
lost (28:1-33:24). After returning to the theme of divine judgment and rallying the
people to hope in salvation, in a section known as the “little Apocalypse” (34:1-
35:10), First Isaiah ends with a narrative section dealing with the havoc caused
in Judah by Sennacherib’s forces, although, for a while at least, a small remnant
is spared — those who take refuge in Jerusalem alongside Hezekiah the king (36:
1-39:8).
1:2-12:6. Isaiah’s ministry as a prophet must have begun in the years prior to the
war, when the kingdoms of Syria and Ephraim (Israel), with Egypt’s encourage-
ment, joined forces and took to the field in campaigns aimed at stemming the
advance of the Assyrians. The kings of Syria and Israel tried to persuade Ahaz
of Judah to join their alliance. Ahaz refused to get involved and, instead, sought
to ingratiate himself with Assyria in order to save his country. In 734 BC Assyria
overran Syria, most of Israel and the Lebanon, the Philistine coast and the Trans-
jordan, and in the years that followed it consolidated its grip on the region. After
the fall of Samaria (722 BC), much of the population of Israel was deported and
replaced by foreigners.
The kingdom of Judah was not invaded, but it was forced to pay heavy tribute and
became a state dependent on Assyria. At the cost of many concessions, an un-
easy peace prevailed. Religious life and the rule of law deteriorated. This was the
background to the earliest of the oracles contained in these twelve chapters. The
section begins with a general denunciation of the forsaking of the Lord; no speci-
fic events are mentioned. It is a time of crisis, with Judah laid waste and Jerusa-
lem under siege (1:2-20); clearly there is need for a call to conversion, to atone
for sins and infidelities (1:21-31). After a few verses that strike a note of hope (in
time, Jerusalem will be raised on high), there follow oracles that describe how
the people have been laid low on account of their pride (2:6-22). However, amid
all the uncleanness, a seed of beauty remains, offering hopes of rebirth (3:1-4:
6). One could say that the core of the whole section is the “Song of the vineyard”
(5:1-7), a lovely allegory about the care that the Lord lavishes on his people, and
about their failure to appreciate it.
After this we begin to find references to specific times in what is called the “Book
of lmmanuel” (7:1-12:6), which begins with an account of the calling of Isaiah,
whom the Lord has commissioned to explain the meaning of what is happening
and to show that there are grounds for hope (6:1-13). In line with this, the pro-
phet approaches Ahaz to encourage him to trust in the Lord (7:1-17) in the face
of threatened invasion (7:18-25). Assyria is about to close in on Israel and Judah
(8:1-22), but there is still hope of deliverance (8:23-9:6). Punishment does await
Israel and Judah (9:7-10:4), but Assyria will not escape it either (10:5-19). Mean-
while, the “remnant” of Israel will grow in its appreciation of the Lord and will find
peace (10:20-11:9). The section ends with a song of joy and praise to the Lord
for saving and renewing his people (11:10-12:6).
1:2-31. The first oracles are couched in the language of a lawsuit (rib). This is
a style of writing often found in the prophetical literature of Israel. which shares
similar modes of expression with other writings of the ancient Middle East (see
the note on Is 1:10-20). However, other people resort to that legal style when
they seek to justify the punishment inflicted on a vassal by an aggrieved overlord,
whereas when prophetical texts denounce a fault it is in order to evince an imme-
diate change of heart. The Lord takes no pleasure in punishing people; he very
much wants to forgive transgressors and reestablish friendship with them.
The passage begins by calling on heaven and earth to see how wickedly the
people have acted, and by accusing them of forsaking the Lord (vv. 2-3). It then
inveighs against those who have turned away from the Lord and show no inclina-
tion to react, even though misfortune has overtaken them (vv. 4-9), and it denoun-
ces the hypocrisy of a people that goes through the motions of religious worship
without having the right dispositions (vv. 10-15). A call to conversion follows (vv.
16-17). The Lord is ready to argue his point against his people, to reward them
if they mend their ways or punish them if they persist in their sins (vv. 18-20).
They are in a bad way, such is their sinfulness (vv. 21-23). Their punishment
will be very harsh; so they should respond now and be faithful, as they were in
earlier times (vv. 24-31).
This oracle brings in all the main theological themes found in the history of the
chosen people of the Old Testament — their divine election; God’s offer of a Co-
venant; the people’s transgression of the Covenant; God’s punishment for their
infidelity. Even so, it shows that theirs is a merciful God, ever ready to forgive
offences; he never turns his back on those whom he has loved.
1:10-20. These verses, too, in some ways form a literary unit in line with the “law-
suit” (rib) style often found in prophetical literature: the charge-sheet (vv. 10-15)
is set against a list of good works, given here in the form of an exhortation (vv.16-
17), and then comes to the sentence at the end, seen here in the attitude of the
judge, who is God (vv. 18-20). Harsh words (v. 10) are used: the people of Judah
are identified with those of Sodom and Gomorrah, the epitome of sin and rejec-
tion of God. The transgressions of which they are accused are against acts of
worship (vv. 11-15), listed one after the other — sacrifices, incense offerings, fes-
tivals, entreaties. The accusation is not against acts of worship in themselves,
for these are laid down in the book of Leviticus and therefore are right and proper.
What the prophet is inveighing against is religious formalism and the dichotomy
between performance and intention, as can be seen from the verses that follow.
What God desires is sincerity of heart, virtue, protection for the weak — in other
words, proper treatment of others. In laying down the law here, the Lord shows
his readiness to forgive, while still holding out the threat of punishment (vv. 18-
20).
Some passages of the section are read in the Liturgy during Lent (Tuesday of
the Second Week) to help people check whether they have given God the wor-
ship due to him, and as a call to a sincere change of heart. Christian writers
have used this passage from Isaiah (and other texts from the Scriptures) to ex-
plain that true religion and compassion begin in a person’s heart and then ex-
press themselves in actions. For example, one of the apostolic Fathers writes:
“Inspired by the Holy Spirit, the ministers of God’s grace will speak of penance.
And the Lord of all things himself spoke of penance, and swore an oath: I do
not desire the death of the wicked man, but that he should change his ways;
and he adds: Cease to do evil, learn to do good; [...] though your sins are like
scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red like crimson, they
shall become like wool. The Lord desires that all whom he loves would repent,
and he affirms it by his all-powerful will. Let us be obedient, then, to his glo-
rious plan, and, by imploring his mercy and kindness, let us return to his good-
ness and be converted, leaving aside all our vain works, the disputes and jea-
lousies that lead to death” (St Clement of Rome, Ad Corinthios, 8, 1-9, 1).
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.