From: Romans 6:3-9
Baptism (Continuation)
[5] For if we have been united with Him in a death like His, we shall certainly be
united with Him in a resurrection like His. [6] We know that our old self was cru-
cified with Him so that the sinful body might be destroyed, and we might no lon-
ger be enslaved to sin. [7] For He who has died is freed from sin. [8] But if we
have died with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with Him. [9] For we know
that Christ being raised from the dead will never die again; death no longer has
dominion over him.
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Commentary:
1-11. The universal dominion of sin, which began with the sin of Adam, is not
the only event to be reckoned with. When sin reached its full extent, the grace
brought by Jesus Christ came in superabundance. Through Baptism this grace
reaches each of us and frees us from the control of sin. When we receive this Sa-
crament we die: that is to say, our blameworthiness is destroyed, we renounce
sin once and for all, and are born again into a new life.
“The Lord”, St. Ambrose tells the newly baptized, “who wanted His benefactions
to endure, the serpent’s plans to be turned to naught, and the harm done to be
put right, delivered a sentence to mankind: ‘You are dust, and to dust you shall
return’ (Genesis 3:19), and made man subject to death [...]. The remedy was gi-
ven him: man would die and rise again [...]. You ask me how? [...] Pay attention.
So that in this world too the devil’s snare would be broken, a rite was instituted
whereby man would die, being alive, and rise again, being alive [...]. Through im-
mersion in water the sentence is blotted out: ‘You are dust, and to dust you shall
return’” (”De Sacramentis”, II, 6).
This passage of the epistle, which reveals the key truths concerning Baptism,
also reminds us of the profound meaning of this rite which Christ established, its
spiritual effects in Christians and its far-reaching effects with respect to the Chris-
tian life. Thus, we can apply to Baptism what St. Thomas Aquinas says about
all the sacraments: “Three aspects of sanctification may be considered — its very
cause, which is Christ’s Passion; its form, which is grace and the virtues; and its
ultimate end, which is eternal life. And all these are signified by the sacraments.
Consequently, a sacrament is a sign which is both a reminder of the past, that
is, of the Passion of Christ, and an indication of what is effected in us by Christ’s
Passion, and a foretelling and pledge of future glory” (”Summa Theologiae”, III, q.
60, a. 3).
In the specific case of Baptism, the various things which the Sacrament implies
carry a special nuance — a new birth which presupposes a symbolic death. It re-
produces in us not only the Passion, Death and burial of Christ, symbolized by
immersion in water (verses 3-4, 6), but also new life, the life of grace which pours
into the soul, enabling the person to share in the Resurrection of Christ (verses
4-5). This sharing in Christ’s Resurrection to immortal life is a kind of seed which
will ultimately produce the glorious resurrection of our bodies.
The baptized person is, therefore, someone newly created, someone born into a
new life, someone who has moved out of darkness into light. The white garment
used at Baptism symbolizes innocence and grace; the burning candle, the light
of Christ — two symbols the Church uses in the baptismal liturgy to signify what
is happening.
Thus, in Baptism, God “removes every trace of sin, whether original or personal”
(”The Rite of Baptism”, Introduction, 5) and also remits the penalties that these
sins incur. On being baptized in the name of the Three Divine Persons, the Chris-
tian is shown God the Father’s love for him (a love he has not merited), is given
a share in the Paschal Mystery of the Son, and to him is communicated new life
in the Spirit (cf. “Instruction on Infant Baptism”, 20 October 1980, 9). Baptism,
which is also described as “the door of the spiritual life”, unites a person to Christ
and to the Church by means of grace, which makes us children of God and heirs
to Heaven. Finally, in addition to the infused virtues and supernatural gifts, the per-
son is given “the graces necessary to live in a Christian way, and on his soul is
impressed the sacramental character which makes him a Christian for evermore”
(”St. Pius X Catechism”, 250).
Baptism, which confers a “character”, that is, a kind of seal confirming our Chris-
tian calling, gives us a share in Christ’s priesthood and makes us capable of re-
ceiving the other sacraments.
4. It is easier to grasp the symbolism of burial and resurrection if one remembers
that in earlier times, and particularly in the apostolic period, Baptism was usually
administered by immersion in water — in some cases by total immersion, up to
three times, with one Person of the Blessed Trinity being invoked each time.
“They asked you, ‘Do you believe in God the Father almighty?’ You said, ‘I believe’,
and you were immersed, that is, you were buried. Again they asked you, ‘Do you
believe in our Lord Jesus Christ and in His Cross?’ You said, ‘I believe’, and you
were again immersed. This time you have been buried with Christ, and he who is
buried with Christ rises with Christ. For a third time you were asked, ‘Do you be-
lieve in the Holy Spirit?’ You said, ‘I believe’, and for a third time you were im-
mersed, so that by this three-fold confession you might be loosed of your many
attachments to your past life” (St. Ambrose, “De Sacramentis”, II, 7).
Today Baptism is normally administered by pouring water over the head — a me-
thod also used in apostolic times and which gradually came into general use be-
cause it was found more convenient.
5. Just as the ingraft and the plant form a single thing and make a single princi-
ple of life, Christians by being grafted onto or incorporated into Christ through
Baptism form one single thing with Him and begin to draw on His divine life. We
are also “united with Him in a death like His”: Christ suffered physical death; we,
in Baptism, die spiritually to the life of sin. St. John Chrysostom explains this
as follows: “Baptism is for us what the Cross and burial were for Christ; but with
this difference: the Savior died physically, He was physically buried, whereas
we ought to die spiritually. That is why the Apostle does not say we are ‘united
with Him with His death’, but ‘in a death like his’” (”Hom. on Rom.”, 10).
9-10. Jesus Christ chose to bear all the consequences of sin, even though He
was sinless. His voluntary death on the Cross and His glorious Resurrection
broke the bonds of death, for Himself and for all His own. Death no longer shall
have dominion: “[Christ died] that through death He might destroy him who has
the power of death, that is, the devil, and deliver all those who through fear of
death were subject to lifelong bondage” (Hebrews 2:14-15). And as a conse-
quence He won, for His own human nature and for us, a new life.
In all those who have been baptized these same events in Christ’s life are in
some way reproduced. “Our past sins have been wiped out by the action of
grace. Now, so as to stay dead to sin after Baptism, personal effort is called
for, although God’s grace continues to be with us, providing us with great help”
(Chrysostom, “Hom. on Rom.”, 11). This personal effort might be encapsulated
in a resolution: “May we never die through sin; may our spiritual resurrection
be eternal” (St. J. Escriva, “Holy Rosary”, 1st Glorious Mystery).
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.
From: John 6:37-40
The Discourse on the Bread of Life (Continuation)
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Commentary:
37-40. Jesus clearly reveals that He is the one sent by the Father. This is some-
thing St. John the Baptist proclaimed earlier on (Jn 3:33-36), and Jesus Himself
stated it in His dialogue with Nicodemus (Jn 3:17-21) and announced publicly to
the Jews in Jerusalem (Jn 5:20-30). Since Jesus is the one sent by the Father,
the bread of life come down from Heaven to give life to the world, everyone who
believes in Him has eternal life, for it is God’s will that everyone should be saved
through Jesus Christ. These words of Jesus contain three mysteries: 1) that of
faith in Jesus Christ, which means “going to Jesus”, accepting His miracles
(signs) and His words; 2) the mystery of the resurrection of believers, something
which begins in this life through faith and becomes fully true in Heaven; 3) the
mystery of predestination, the will of our Father in Heaven that all men be saved.
These solemn words of our Lord fill the believer with hope.
St. Augustine, commenting on vv. 37 and 38, praises the humility of Jesus, the
perfect model for the humility of the Christian: Jesus chose not to do His own will
but that of the Father who sent Him: “Humbly am I come, to teach humility am I
come, as the master of humility am I come; he who comes to Me is incorporated
in Me; he who comes to Me becomes humble; he who cleaves to Me will be hum-
ble, for he does not his will but God’s” (”In Ioann. Evang.”, 25, 15 and 16).
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.