A properly built wheel (especially if hand-built, with the spokes carefully stressed) can last for thousands of miles if well maintained. The first things to go are usually the bearings rather than the spokes, then the rim if rim brakes are used. (The metal under the braking surfaces has become ridiculously thin in most modern wheels). But the increasing popularity of disc brakes makes this less of a problem.
I still have a Peugeot from 1974 with the original front wheel (rear was replaced around 1995 or so). No idea how many miles I put on it, but it has to be thousands, including some 40+ mph descents when I was a lot younger. I haven’t ridden it for years now, and it needs to be completely rebuilt/restored before I can ride it again, including two new wheels.