The Dome of the Rock contains the Foundation Stone and the site of the Holy of Holies. According to tradition this is the place where Abraham was to sacrifice Isaac. It is also the supposed site where the Ark sat in the Holy of Holies and where the blood from the yearly sacrifice was sprinkled on the mercy seat.
Yes, Dome of the Rock location is described as the place from which God collected the dust to create ADAM, as in Adam and Eve.
The Dome of the Rock was a Muslim shrine and is built on what is thought to be the site of the Second Jewish Templke.