And they were the only one who didn’t take a bailout.
I think you have missed what Ford is doing. They are flattening the organization, i.e., reducing the management struccture. I worked for a major aerospace company that did this in the ‘90s. We went from 7 levels of management to 3. Ir was the best thing the company could have done. It improved productivity by thirty percent. Lots of lower, mid, and upper level deadwood went cut. Responsiveness improved tremendously. It also reduced fiefdoms. It is suprising how many manager feel the should have “support” staff anll the lackeys left. When it was over we had directors, senior managers, and managers. No more assistant directors, section chiefs, unit chiefs, or super visors. It was recognised that production expertise was vested in the worker that did the jobs and that managers jobd was to manage and facilitate. It completely re-envigorated the corporation and made it a leader and example of corporate efficiecy. It’s called cut the bloat.