I have been to Gansu province in China a few times and did not witness people defecating in public. There are public toilets that force you to squat over a hole. Dang difficult maneuvering. Toilet paper is in short supply so I carried an ample supply.
I saw the same thing in far Southern Italy. Taranto to be specific.
Don’t know where else in Europe, if at all, they have holes in the floor instead of toilets.