Maybe Obama’s genealogy was wrong and Charles T is the great uncle, not Charles W and they had another brother Jon, who is not listed either. And maybe he was no longer in Kansas when he joined the military. Lotsa maybes.
The census could be in error or illegible.
Jon was born after the census.
JON V PAYNE Born Aug 1937 Record Created: 04/2001
XXXX PEARL ST
ENGLEWOOD, CO 80110
JON V PAYNE Born 1937 Record Created: 10/2004
XXXX LONG CIR
LITTLETON, CO 80120
JON V PAYNE Born 1937 Record Created: 01/2002
XXXX LONG CIR
LITTLETON, CO 80120
JON V PAYNE Created: 03/2002
XXXX EVERETT WAY
LITTLETON, CO 80128
Charles T Payne was Obama’s grandmother’s grandfather. He was born about June 1861 in Missouri and died sometime after the 1930 census where he is enumerated with his eldest daughter Lillie in Kansas City, Wyandotte County, Kansas.
http://genealogy.about.com/od/aframertrees/p/obama_three.htm
http://the.hesperos.googlepages.com/AncestorsofBarackHusseinObamaJr.pdf
They may not have caught Jon in the geneology records because he is only 71, so he would not have been listed in the 1930 census (the last one released, as there has to be a 72 year gap between the census and its release to the public, due to privacy concerns.) I found the name in some of the family-generated family trees of families just doing their geneologies - he was probably put there not by records search but by family members who knew.
I think the geneologies specifically done on Obama were probably made by those who didn’t know the family, so there will only be folks listed in public records (ie census data), unlike family-generated geneologies where families talk to each other and recall who was married to whom and “what where the names of Uncle Rolla’s kids”.