Archeologists who question Clovis First have been branded as renegades, said Raymond Le Blanc, an archeologist at the University of Alberta. "It's almost like admitting you saw a UFO," he said.
Le Blanc was a grad student on Cinq-Mars's team at the Bluefish Caves in the mid-1970s, when the exploration there started. (It took another 15 years to analyze the material uncovered and publish the results.) Far from being a ticket to fame and fortune, bucking the Clovis First doctrine has meant "you become part of the fringe. It's not great for your career. It becomes a little more difficult to get (research) money," he said.
Indeed, since the potentially stunning finds in Beringia, Cinq-Mars said he has struggled to cobble together research funds to continue the exploration and analyze what's been found.
"My biggest problem is getting access to funding. This is a scientific gold mine we've been sitting on for years, but many people just didn't give a hoot. There has been and still is very strong resistance. Clovis First has been the credo of archeology for decades," he said.
The waters have been muddied by scientific acrimony about the Bluefish Cave mammoth bone evidence. Some of Cinq-Mars's detractors say the bone could have been chipped at a later point long after the mammoth died or through natural processes like erosion or falling rocks.
"I'm very, very skeptical about cave data," said Bob Gall, a veteran archeologist with the U.S. National Park Service in Fairbanks, Alaska.
"They're occupied by animals and people, and material rolls down slopes. You have rock falls and material that's really difficult to sort out." Even if the mammoth bone was indeed modified by a person, Gall said it's still not clear when that would have happened. "From the time that elephant died, up until the present, it could have been modified by man," he said.
Subsequent research showed the bone was indeed likely to have been chipped by humans shortly after the mammoth died, but the questions have lingered, with many scientists saying more confirming data is needed.
That, in turn, has led to an archeological Catch-22: Little funding is available to pursue the Beringia research. "There are more things from that site we could date, but there has been a lack of money," Le Blanc said.
Complicating the search for confirming evidence is the fact that the best human sites to explore in the region are now probably at the bottom of the Bering Strait, said Ruth Gotthardt, an archeologist with the Yukon government. "The evidence is not co-operating," she said.
But now, the region is seeing renewed scientific interest as evidence emerges to suggest Cinq-Mars may have been on the right track after all
Initially dismissed by archeologists, the Monte Verde site has become widely accepted as legitimate in recent years.
In 2004, the Clovis theory suffered another indirect blow when scientists in Siberia - in what used to be the western edge of Beringia - found a 30,000-year-old human site with tools fashioned from mammoth and rhino tusks.
The discovery showed humans had adapted to the extreme cold of the Far North thousands of years earlier than previously thought. It has also rejuvenated interest in Beringia, Le Blanc said. "If people got to the Arctic, I don't see why they couldn't have penetrated farther east." Meanwhile, Cinq-Mars has been amassing evidence from European researchers that shows chipped mammoth bones were used there as spear points more than 200,000 years ago - more evidence that the bone chips in Beringia were a widespread ancient technology.
And in July, Cinq-Mars plans to return to the region that ignited the controversy 30 years ago with hopes of finding more clues. He has received funds from the Yukon's Gwitchin First Nation in order to explore several sites, including the Bluefish Caves.
"There are layers there that have yet to be looked at which are likely to be older (than the original Bluefish find)," he said.
Cinq-Mars also has another mission for this trip - helping the Gwitchin village of Old Crow create a cultural centre to showcase the region's rich history.
In August, Le Blanc will also be poking around at another site called Gwizi Cave, about 60 kilometres to the north of Cinq-Mars's expedition. Le Blanc believes it, too, could yield more ancient remains.
Finding undisputed evidence of a pre-Ice Age human presence there, both men said, would force scientists to rewrite the history of the Americas.
"Beringia is the only site that explains the pre-Clovis finds," Le Blanc said. "The area has profound importance."
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40,000 to 28,000 years ago:
Age of chipped mammoth bones found at the Yukon's Bluefish Caves and nearby sites in the 1970s and '80s by archeologist Jacques Cinq-Mars and his team.
30,000 years ago:
Siberian mammoth hunters were found to have penetrated far into the Arctic by this period.
23,000 years ago:
The Ice Age entombs the northern hemisphere in glaciers, cutting off routes from Siberia to the south.
15,000 to 17,000
years ago:
Archeologists say people were living at Cactus Hill, Virginia, where stone tools and charcoal from a fire pit have been dated to this period.
14,500 years ago:
Humans were living in Monte Verde in southern Chile, where human tools, a dwelling structure and a person's footprint have been dated to this period.
The data gets murkier when you throw in the DNA from peoples thought originally to be aboriginal.
The Tierra del Fuegans have turned out to be genetically related to Australian Aborigines. Archeological sites up and down North and South America older than 13,000 years ago may, in fact, be theirs. They were possibly wiped out by the newcomers from Siberia.
Sounds kinda’ familiar, doesn’t it?