Posted on 12/05/2005 7:46:23 PM PST by Iraq_Road_Warrior
Radical Islam in Latin America
By Chris Zambelis
In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the possibility of al-Qaeda infiltrating Latin America became a priority for U.S. intelligence and law enforcement officials. However, the most publicized incidents of radical Islamist activity in Latin America have not been linked to al-Qaeda but instead to the Lebanese Shiite Hezbollah, which is ideologically and politically close to Iran. These include the March 1992 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and the July 1994 attack against the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association (AIMA), also in the Argentine capital, allegedly in retaliation for Israels assassination of former Hezbollah leader Sheikh Abbas al-Musawi and his family in February 1992.
Hezbollah officially denies responsibility for these attacks and remains emphatic that it only operates in the Israel-Lebanon theatre, in what it declares to be the defense of Lebanese soil and sovereignty against Israeli threats and occupation. Many questions still surround the attacks in Argentina. Some observers suggest that the attacks were in fact out of character for Hezbollah, and instead point to al-Qaedas possible involvement. This controversial theory throws into question the date of al-Qaedas earliest attack, which is generally believed to be the failed December 1992 attack against U.S. servicemen en route to Somalia in a hotel in Aden, Yemen that killed two Austrian tourists instead. It also raises the possibility of a link between the attacks in Latin America and the first World Trade Center bombing in February 1993.
Many observers believe the evidence implicating Iran and Hezbollah in these incidents is scant and, at best, circumstantial. Yet this did not prevent opponents of Argentine President Carlos Menem from exploiting the attacks in an effort to discredit him. Menems tenure in office was mired by corruption charges, which included allegations that he accepted a USD10 million bribe from Iranian intelligence to cover up Tehrans alleged role in directing the attacks through Hezbollah. Some even pointed to Menems Syrian Christian origins as evidence of his alleged pro-Hezbollah leanings. These reports stem from the testimony of a former Iranian intelligence agent known by his alias, Abolghasem Mesbahi, who defected in 1996 and whose credibility has been the subject of intense speculation [1].
Subsequent legal action against Iran for its alleged role in the attacks led to the brief detainment of Iranian officials, including former Iranian Ambassador to Argentina, Hadi Soleimanpour, who was apprehended in the United Kingdom in 2003. However, a London court rejected the evidence provided by Argentine officials against the Ambassador and his colleagues.
The Nexus between Terrorism and Organized Crime
In June 2005, Ecuadorian security officials uncovered a drug smuggling ring led by a Quito-based restaurateur of Lebanese descent identified as Rady Zaiter. Under the auspices of Operacion Damasco, local security forces disrupted his syndicate, which stretched to the U.S., Europe, and the Middle East. Although little evidence has emerged confirming that Zaiter was anything other than a prolific drug dealer, Ecuadorian sources are emphatic that Zaiter had ties to Hezbollah and was in fact laundering money for the group [2]. This seems to fit a pattern in Latin America, as more countries attempt to curry favor with Washington by claiming solidarity in the war on terrorism by linking narcotics traffickers to terrorism.
Zaiter was also known by his aliases David Assi Alvarez and Almawla Fares. He is accused of cocaine trafficking and money laundering through a network of local drug smugglers and contacts in the sizable Arab and Muslim immigrant communities of Maicao, a free-trade zone in northeastern Colombia, as well as the capital Bogota. Like Zaiter, the majority of Maicaos Arab Muslim population is of Lebanese descent. Others trace their origins to Syria and, to a lesser extent, Palestine [3].
Margarita Island, Venezuela, another free-trade zone that is home to a sizeable Arab Muslim (and Arab Christian) community, is also cited as a potential terrorist base. The alleged threat emanating from Margarita Island is receiving far more attention in Washington, but is as much a product of the simmering tensions between the Bush Administration and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez.
Both Maicao and Margarita Island, along with the banking centers on the island of Curacao and elsewhere in the Netherlands Antilles, Colon, Panama, the Cayman Islands, and the rest of the Caribbean Basin, are part of a multifaceted network that facilitates the transfer of illicit funds from drug and weapons sales, as well as counterfeiting, piracy, and human smuggling. The warring factions in Colombias civil war also have a lucrative stake in this system.
The Tri-Border Area (TBA) that binds Puerto Iguazu, Argentina; Ciudad del Este, Paraguay; and Foz do Iguacu, Brazil, is another center of lawlessness and lucrative criminal activity in South America that includes Russian and Asian gangs, in addition to South American criminal syndicates. Hezbollah is reported to operate extensive operations involving fundraising and money laundering amidst the regions sizeable Arab community in the TBA.
The Black Market Peso Exchange (BMPE), the largest and most sophisticated system of laundering money in the Western Hemisphere, along with other Alternative Remittance Systems (ARS), including hawala, an Islamic form of money transfer traditionally used by Muslims that facilitates the movement of funds through informal and anonymous channels, are endemic to Latin America and a central feature of organized crime and the drug trade in the region [4].
Despite a lack of hard evidence demonstrating collaboration between Hezbollah and al-Qaeda in Latin America and elsewhere for that matter, many observers worry that al-Qaeda may be using the same networks exploited by Hezbollah and other organizations to generate funds. Members of the Egyptian Gammat al-Islamiyya, including Al-Sayid Hassan Mukhlis, who is tied to the 1997 attack against tourists in Luxor, Egypt, have been linked to the TBA, allegedly as a local fundraiser for the group. Mukhlis was arrested in El Chui, Uruguay in January 1999 and eventually extradited to Egypt in 2003 [5]. Gammat al-Islamiyya is known to have links to al-Qaeda.
Islam in Latin America
Latin America is home to a sizeable and diverse Muslim population with deep roots throughout the region. Most Muslims are of Arab descent, typically of Lebanese, Syrian, and Palestinian origin, although Christian Arabs from the Levant far outnumber their Muslim kin. There are also sizeable South and Southeast Asian Muslim communities with roots in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Indonesia in Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and elsewhere in the Caribbean Basin. The region is also experiencing a steady stream of migration from the Middle East and South Asia in recent years, especially in vibrant free-trade zones such as Iquique, Chile and Colon, Panama.
As a result of intermarriage and conversion, Islam is becoming one of the fastest growing religions in Latin America. There is evidence to suggest that Muslim missionaries based in Spain and their regional affiliates are making inroads into disenfranchised and underserved indigenous communities that were once the target of evangelical Christian sects for conversion [6]. The competition between Muslim and Christian missionaries for prospective converts has even led to confrontation and violent clashes in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
Spains al-Murabitun (The Almoravids, after the African Muslim dynasty that ruled North Africa and Spain in 11th and 12th century) is believed to be the most prolific missionary movement operating in Latin America [7]. The group is an international Sufi order founded in the 1970s by Sheikh Abdel Qader as-Sufi al-Murabit, a controversial Scottish Muslim convert born Ian Dallas. Although no hard evidence has surfaced tying the group to international terrorism, let alone al-Qaeda, Dallas has been accused of harboring extremist leanings. Aurelino Perez heads the Murabituns campaign in Chiapas, where he competes with Omar Weston, a British-born Muslim convert who resides in Mexico City and heads the Centro Cultural Islamico de Mexico (CCIM), for adherents in Chiapas and the rest of Mexico. Known locally as Muhammed Nafia, Perez is a Spanish convert to Islam who hails from the southern Spanish city of Granada in Andalusia.
The Murabituns ambitious efforts to gain adherents in Mexico include an unsuccessful attempt to forge an alliance with Subcommandante Marcos and his Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), following the groups armed rebellion in Chiapas in 1994 [8]. The Murabitun are comprised predominantly of Spanish and European converts to Islam. There are also reports that Muslim missionaries are finding adherents among indigenous peoples in Bolivia and elsewhere in Latin America [9].
In an effort to win over converts in Latin America, the Murabtiun emphasize the cultural links between the Arab world and Latin America through Spains Moorish heritage. In doing so, the Murabitun and like-minded movements advocate a collective reversion to Islam, which in their view signifies a return to the regions true heritage, as opposed to what many see as conversion to the Muslim faith. In this sense, Islam not only represents an alternative to the colonial traditions imposed on the indigenous and mestizo peoples of Latin America, namely the Roman Catholic Church, but is also a nativist tradition that has been suppressed. The Murabitun also claim that Islam is not tainted by European and Western colonialism and imperialism, but instead serves as a remedy for the oppression and destruction brought about by the Spanish conquest.
Given al-Qaedas documented successes in recruiting Muslim converts in Europe and the U.S. to its cause, many observers worry that Muslim converts in Latin America provide fertile ground for new recruits due to their perceived ability to circumvent travel restrictions and blend into Western cities more effectively.
There is no evidence to suggest that the recent trend toward conversion to Islam in Latin America stems from a turn to political and religious radicalism. On the contrary, most Muslim converts see Islam as a vehicle for reasserting their identity. They also see conversion as a form of social and political protest in societies where they are marginalized and experience discrimination [10]. In this context, it is no surprise that groups such as the Murabitun, with their message of social, political, and cultural empowerment, are making inroads into disenfranchised and impoverished indigenous communities. The group also supports local education, social welfare, and other projects that include Arabic language instruction and the publication of the Quran in Spanish and other local languages.
Conclusion
Although the evidence pointing to an alleged al-Qaeda presence in the region is often overshadowed and/or confused with the reported activities of Hezbollah and other groups, it is important for policymakers to consider each of these organizations separately and not fall into the trap of linking them as part of a unified network with a common agenda. At the same time, the diverse array of criminal organizations active in the regionfrom local drug gangs to radical Islamistsdemonstrates that weak institutions, political instability, corruption, and poverty provide ample opportunities for groups such as al-Qaeda and others to share the spoils.
Notes 1. Miguel Bonasso, Un silencio de diez millones: Las estremecedoras declaraciones del testigo secreto Irani, Pagina 12 (Argentina), September 30, 2001. 2. Sandra Moran Castillo, Desmantelan a presunta banda de narcotraficantes vinculada con Hizbuláh, CRE Satelital (Ecuador), June 21, 2005. 3. Sakia Hassan Rada, Los Musulmanes de Colombia, WebIslam: Islam en Latinoamerica (No. 277) January 4, 2005. http://www.webislam.com/numeros/2005/277/noticias/musulmanes_colombia.htm 4. Britanico Julio Quesada, Mercado Negro del Peso : Como se lavo dinero en la zona libre de Colon, El Siglo (Panama), June 25, 2003. 5. Julian Halawi, Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo) 17-23 July 2003, Issue No. 647. 6. Thelma Gomez Duran, Muslalmanes en Chiapas, WebIslam: Islam en Latinoamerica (No. 132) July 20, 2001. http://www.webislam.com/elementos_wi/WI_Latino/Musulmanes_Chiapas.htm 7. For more information on Spains Murabitun Movement, see the Comunidad Islamica en Espana website at www.cislamica.org 8. Natascha Garvin, Conversion and Conflict: Muslims in Mexico, International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World Review15 (Netherlands), Spring 2005. 9. Aliefudien Al-Almany, Dawa in Latin America, Tehran Times (Iran), October 2, 2005. 10. See transcript of presentation by Yahya Juan Suquillo, Imam of the Islamic Center of Quito Ecuador, Islamic Principles in Latin America at the Fourth Annual Conference of Latin American Muslim Leaders in Curacao [Curacao], 16-18 September 2003 in the Latino Muslim Voice (November 2003), official newsletter of the Latino American Dawa Organization.
good link on muslims:
http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=44636
good link on muslim ops. in south america.
http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=44636
i don't think the author says islam is running rampant, at least in my humblest of opinions. i think he says that there is a movement worth looking at.
That said, something tells me you've been here before. So what was your previous incarnation? Anytime someone comes here and immediately starts threads about immigration it either means DU or LP troll.
19?? - 1983 : (ADNAN G. EL SHUKRIJUMAH AND HIS FAMILY ARE SENT TO TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BY THE SAUDI GOVERNMENT; HIS FATHER, GULSHAIR EL SHUKRI, WAS AN ISLAMIC MISSIONARY THERE) When Adnan was young, his father [Gulshair El Shukri,] was sent to the Caribbean country of Trinidad and Tobago by the Saudi government as an Islamic missionary, where the family lived until 1983. When his father was transferred to New York City to lead a Brooklyn mosque, the family went back to Saudi Arabia. -- "FBI sees terror; family sees good son Ex-resident of Miramar being sought in terror case ," BY DAVID KIDWELL AND LARRY LEBOWITZ (Natalie McNeal contributed), The Miami Herald, 03/31/2003
JULY 27, 1990 : (TRINIDAD & TOBAGO : FAILED COUP ATTEMPT BY MUSLIM EXTREMISTS BELONGING TO JAMAAT AL-MUSLIMEEN) On July 27, 1990, members of the group [Jamaat al-Muslimeen] bombed police headquarters, stormed Parliament and took the prime minister and his Cabinet hostage. During the siege, 24 people were killed and hundreds wounded, mostly in clashes between police and mobs. The government told the insurrectionists they would receive amnesty if they surrendered, but when they did, authorities arrested them. A court later ruled the arrests were illegal, and the rebels, including [Jamaal] Shabaaz, received a national pardon. - "Trinidad assistant held by U.S. immigration authorities ," AP, Posted: Thursday July 17, 2003 6:14 PM , Updated: Thursday July 17, 2003 6:59 PM , http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2003/07/17/int_rdp/
JULY 1990 : (TRINIDAD & TOBAGO BLOODY COUP ATTEMPT BY THE ISLAMIC TERRORIST GROUP JAMAAT AL-MUSLIMEEN) In July 1990, the Jamaat al Muslimeen, a predominantly Afro-Trinidadian group led by a former policeman tried to overthrow the government in a bloody six-day siege that killed 23 people. The 114-member group held hostages, including then-Prime Minister Arthur Robinson, in the parliament and at the state-owned Trinidad and Tobago Television headquarters. The Muslimeen members were [later] absolved of treason, murder and kidnapping charges when a court ruled that an amnesty given to them during negotiations to end the siege was valid. - "Weapons seizure heightens Trinidad coup fears," Reuters, July 1, 2001 Posted: 4:34 PM EDT (2034 GMT) *
*stepping back in time...An Interesting Discussion on FREEREPUBLIC.com regarding a BBC article dated July 28, 2002: "CARIBBEAN COUP ATTEMPT REMEMBERED" (BBC ARTICLE SNIPPET: "The crisis began with the blowing up of the police headquarters building in the capital, Port of Spain. After that, groups of young Muslimeen, armed with AK47's, swarmed into the parliament building, known as the Red House, and Trinidad and Tobago Television, TTT. Muslimeen leader, Yasin Abu Bakr, a former Trinidadian policeman, called for public support. Instead Trinidadians stayed home and watched as the six-day drama was reported on local and regional radio and then picked up by the international media.") (August 29, 2002) via Cindy
....
True, but that's just a bit of optimistic skepticism on my part. I fear that Chiapas is a fertile breeding ground for terrorism due to its ongoing civil war as do I fear Chavez and his open willingness to be closer with Iran. It's a combination of power hungry anti-American leaders and impoverished masses that make Latin America ripe for this kind of stuff.
bump to read later
what is DU and LP?
yep, immigration is my game-----protecting america is my fame.
Bump for the morning
Ping
There is a Shift Key that you may want to use once in a while; especially when you refer to the United States of America, or the President of the United States of America, or the United States Military, or the Pentagon.
Carlos Menem, president of Argentina from 1989 to 1999 was A MUSLIM when he arrived in Argentina from Syria. He then "converted" to catholicism since the argentinian constitution by the time required all presidential candidates to be catholics.
relax cobra, i'm not the best typist. i'm about ideas, not procedure.
SIR!!!
menem was really a muslim? with a name like carlos? interesting.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.