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The Church of Scientology has targeted black families in Massachusetts with a learn-to-read program that critics say is just a rehash of old methods that leans heavily on the church's religious teachings.

The learn-to-read program - the World Literacy Crusade - is part of a nationwide effort by the church to entice blacks into Scientology and then convince them to take other, expensive programs, according to critics and former members of the church.

A Herald review has found that Scientologists have:

Targeted a literacy campaign at inner-city Boston programs for minority children, including Red Sox slugger Mo Vaughn's Youth Development Program, the Roxbury YMCA and the Roxbury Youth Works.
Attracted dozens of middle class and professional black families to Delphi Academy in Milton. This Scientology-run school uses E-Meters - devices akin to lie detectors - on children, according to a former Delphi student.
Taught Scientology methods to ninth-grade teachers at Randolph High School - which has many black students - after persuading headmaster James E. Watson that their techniques work.
Taught Scientology's study techniques to Boston Public Schools students at Brighton High School through teacher Gerald Mazzarella, who is also a church member.
Created 26 World Literacy Crusade programs - in Boston, New York, Los Angeles, Denver, Miami, Memphis, Tenn., and a host of other U.S. cities in the wake of the 1992 Los Angeles riots.
Gained the endorsements of prominent local blacks such as Georgette Watson, co-founder of Drop-A-Dime and former anti-drug aide to Gov. William F. Weld.
The teachings

Scientologists say the literacy campaign is nonreligious, and thereforedoesn't violate laws separating church and state.

But critics say the church plays fast and loose with definitions, calling identical programs "religious" in one context and "secular" in another.

Church documents and books show that Scientology clearly identifies Study Technology as a religious practice. It is taught at the church's local headquarters on Beacon Street in Boston in the $600 Student Hat program, as a first step into church membership.

This learn-to-read "technology" - or Study Tech as the church calls it - teaches children to distrust their own intelligence and rely passively on what the church teaches, said high-ranking church defector Robert Vaughn Young.

"Study Tech is an extremely dangerous technique," Young said. "Critical thinking? There is no critical thinking. Criticism is the part that is not allowed," said Young, who once directed Scientology's worldwide public relations effort.

The Rev. Heber C. Jentzsch, president of the Church of Scientology International, denied that black children or families are being recruited through the literacy program.

"We've found that African-American families are as interested as everyone else in what works . . .. They might not necessarily join the church but the quality of their lives has been improved by it," he said.

Scientologists say the literacy techniques offer the only way to end gang violence, teen pregnancy and other inner-city problems. "I think parents are being driven to find answers. They want their kids to be educated, for heaven's sake. God bless the World Literacy Crusade," Jentzsch said.

He said Scientology's study techniques are so effective they raised his own IQ by 34 points, and helped his children read far above their grade levels.

The Herald asked Harvard University literacy expert Victoria Purcell-Gates to assess the World Literacy Crusade's learn-to-read book, the "Basic Study Manual," written by Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard. "This is all `old stuff,' and has been taught in the schools for at least 30 years (probably more) now," the Harvard professor wrote in an assessment for the Herald.

"Basically, there is nothing new in this text that is not known by reading/study specialists at a very basic level," she added. "The only thing really `different' is that Mr. Hubbard has renamed basic concepts to fit into his overall scheme of things."

Steve Hassan of Cambridge, a cult deprogrammer, warned that the way Scientologists use the book, in one-on-one tutorials, is a first step toward hypnotic mind control. And the literacy materials are the same as church scriptures - except the schoolbooks leave out the word "Scientology," Hassan said.

For example, the "Basic Study Manual" teaches children about the Scientology practice of "disconnecting" - used to separate new recruits from non-Scientologists, including parents. " `Experts,' `advisers,' `friends,' `families' . . . indulge in all manner of interpretations and even outright lies to seem wise or expert," the manual says.

The manual also promotes Scientology's anti-psychology agenda, linking psychology to German fascism and saying psychotherapists reduce humans to the level of animals.

Scientology spokesman Bernard Percy, however, defended the World Literacy Crusade, saying it has no harmful agenda, and that its study principles can turn a child's life around. For example, Percy said, the program requires children to look up in a dictionary each and every unfamiliar word - and that becomes a lifelong habit with tremendous benefits.

Scientologists also claim the literacy campaign is not controlled by the Church of Scientology - so they are not breaking the laws prohibiting religion in the schools.

But that is a false claim, because the campaign is funded and directed by the Church of Scientology, Hassan said.

The connections

Although local Scientologists deny that the World Literacy Crusade is directed by the Church of Scientology, anyone who uses L. Ron Hubbard's name, or his trademarked Study Technology techniques, is strictly controlled by licensing contracts with Scientology groups in Los Angeles, in particular the Religious Technology Center, according to Young and church materials obtained by the Herald.

The World Literacy Crusade's independence from Scientology is a "fiction," Young said.

A World Literacy Crusade videotape, viewed by the Herald, clearly states that it has a licensing agreement with RTC - Scientology's most powerful organization - allowing it to use L. Ron Hubbard's name.

Also, Scientologists get a 10 percent to 35 percent commission on any church course bought by someone they recruit through the literacy programs, according to Church of Scientology documents dated last month.

Once Scientology attracts a new recruit, its staff applies skillful, high-pressure sales tactics, Hassan said. Members must pay more than $300,000 in "fixed donations" - or barter their full-time labor - to achieve complete salvation.

When the Mo Vaughn group or another agency buys Scientology's literacy books - which cost about $35 each - most of the money goes to several Scientology organizations in Los Angeles: Bridge Publications, the church's in-house publisher; Author Services Inc., Scientology's literary agency; and RTC, which owns the rights to the trademarked name L. Ron Hubbard. Also, church members sometimes get government funding.

Scientologists got a federal grant for the literacy program in Memphis, former church spokeswoman Kit Finn said.

Federal money was also spent in Boston on Scientology materials, said Gerald Mazzarella, a Scientologist who teaches at Brighton High School. Mazzarella told the Herald he used part of a $5,000 federal grant to buy Scientology textbooks and checklists during the 1980s, which he then used at Brighton High.

This came out of an article in the Boston Herald.