https://www.space.com/antarctic-ozone-hole-early-hunga-tonga
“the ozone hole above Antarctica has opened up unusually early this year. Scientists think the cataclysmic Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption that sent shockwaves around the world in January 2022 may be to blame.
The development is not unexpected. Ozone experts predicted earlier this year that the eruption, which injected 50 million tons (45 million metric tons) of water vapor into Earth’s atmosphere, is likely to have an impact on Earth’s protective ozone layer in the years following the eruption.
Concentrations of water vapor in the stratosphere, the second lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere where the ozone layer resides, increased by 10% due to the explosion of the undersea volcano. That, according to Paul Newman, the chief scientist for atmospheric science at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, resulted in “significant cooling” in the stratosphere, which is bad news for ozone levels. “
For the ozone hole, blame the volcano; for the hot summer of 2023, what volcano?
“the hot summer of 2023”
July was stinking hot in 2022 where I live. It wasn’t so bad in 2023.