Prehistoric drills, teeth show dentistry is oldest profession

Waterbury Republican-American ^ | April 6, 2006 | associated press

[Graybeard58]

Drilling teeth is downright prehistoric.

Dentists drilled nearly perfect tiny holes in the teeth of live patients between 7,500 and 9,000 years ago, according to carbon-dating of skulls unearthed in a Pakistan graveyard.

That means dentistry is at least 4,000 years older than first thought -- and far older than the useful invention of anesthesia. The discovery of the dental work is described today in the journal Nature.

This was no mere tooth tinkering. The 11 drilled teeth found in the remote graveyard were hard-to-reach molars. And in at least one instance, the ancient dentist managed to drill a hole in the inside back end of a tooth, boring out toward the front of the mouth.

The holes went as deep as one-seventh of an inch (3.5 millimeters).

"The holes were so perfect, so nice," said study co-author David Frayer, an anthropology professor at the University of Kansas. "I showed the pictures to my dentist and he thought they were amazing holes."

How it was done is painful just to think about.

Flint drill heads were found on site, so researchers believe a small bow was used to drive the drill tips into patients' teeth. Lead author Roberto Macchiarelli, an anthropology professor at the University of Poitiers, France, and colleagues simulated the technique and drilled through human (but no longer attached) teeth in less than a minute.

"Definitely it had to be painful for the patient," Macchiarelli said.

Researchers were impressed by how advanced the society was in Baluchistan -- the area where Osama bin Laden is rumored to be hiding. Evidence suggests the drilling occurred on ordinary men and women -- not slaves or royalty.

The dentistry, which probably evolved from intricate ornamental bead drilling also practiced in the area, went on for about 1,500 years until about 5500 B.C., Macchiarelli said. After that there were no signs of drilling.

Macchiarelli and Frayer said the drilling was likely done to reduce the pain of cavities.

Macchiarelli pointed to one unfortunate patient who had a tooth drilled twice. Another patient had three teeth drilled. Four drilled teeth showed signs of cavities.

No sign of fillings were found.

but there could have been an asphalt-like substance inside, he said.

But Dr. Richard Glenner, a Chicago dentist and author of dental history books, wouldn't bite on the idea that this was good dentistry. The drilling could have been decorative or to release "evil spirits" rather than fighting tooth decay, he said, adding: "Why did they do it? No one will ever know."

Macchiarelli said the hard-to-see locations of the drilled teeth in jaws seem to rule out drilling for decorative reasons.

Frayer said the prehistoric drillers' skill is something modern-day patients can use to lord over their dentists.

"This may be something to tell your dentist: If these people 9,000 years ago could make a hole this perfect in less than a minute," he said. "What are they doing?"

[EagleUSA]

Second oldest profession....