Gotta remember that 30-06 is based on an elongated 7or 8mm Mauser round. Same rim diameter.
But to answer 270 Winchester 280 Remington 25-06, .35 Whalen
ThenTo the shorter .308 and all its kin including .243, 7mm 08. .358 winchester
And a host of others my brain is too feeble to remember without more coffee.
The 30-06 is based on the 30-03 that replaced the 30-40. The case of the the 30-03 was shortened to make the 30-06. the 270 and the 280 were both made from the original 30-03 case, they have a longer case length. The 25-06 was based on the 06 and share the same shortened case. So in reality they were all based on the 30-03, even those with much shorter case lengths.
.348 WIN was for the model 71, they haven't made that in years. There are aftermarket brands that sell it in 250, 300 and I believe 350 grain, I think for Grizzly or Moose.
The only other SAAMI standardized cartridges I can think of based on the 30-06 case are the 280 AI and the 338-06.
I wish the 338-06 was more popular, I keep wanting to pick one up...I may have to build a semi-custom. The 338 RCM is an interesting alternative that hasn’t really caught on either.
I may just give up and go with the marginally successful 35 Whelen. In my view, it provides more recoil and worse ballistics, for little gain elsewhere.
All but a .280 and the .358 in my safe yet a friend has a .280 that is scary accurate . Interesting information about the 7 or 8mm Mauser round . Thanks