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To: HLPhat
What does “precisely control” mean; and how did folks go about effecting those precisely controlled changes before the genome of the target species had been mapped?

You do not need the entire genome of an organism mapped in order to precisely change a gene in its genome. You only need to know the sequence of that specific gene. Long before any genome was mapped, millions (billions?) of genes from thousands of species were sequenced and uploaded into a database called Genbank; even today, people publishing sequence data upload it into Genbank so that other researchers can examine it.

I spent my time in graduate school exhaustively studying the sequence and structure of two specific proteins. I made many different genetic variants of those proteins. To this day, I have no idea where they are in the genome, nor does that matter.

In order to make a precise change in a gene, there are various tactics that can be used. First, the gene is placed into a small piece of DNA for easy replication usually using bacteria. Then various methods can be used to change the gene, all of which result in the change of one or more nucleotides into different nucleotides in order to change the proteins expressed by that gene, and can sometimes add or remove nucleotides. Changes in nucleotides usually (but not always or even most of the time) cause changes in protein sequence. Changes in protein sequence can cause changes in shape and/or function. These changes have many different uses.

Natural Selection is the process through which random genetic modifications impact the fitness of a species in a specific environmental context.

Regardless, selection is selection, whether natural or not. Natural selection caused wolves to live as social animals in packs. Artificial selection caused wolves to adopt a wide variety of appearances and accept humans as pack leaders (and we call them "dogs"). Either way, selection has had strong effects on the appearance and behavior of wolves.

46 posted on 12/07/2016 5:15:25 PM PST by exDemMom (Current visual of the hole the US continues to dig itself into: http://www.usdebtclock.org/)
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To: exDemMom

>>In order to make a precise change in a gene,

Is that “precise” or random gas coming out of the vociferous end of your digestive tract?

Natural Selection occurs ala random mutation.

Human genetic engineering is deliberately, precisely, targeted selection.

So, your “selection is selection” assertion is FALSE.


50 posted on 12/07/2016 5:45:11 PM PST by HLPhat (It takes a Republic TO SECURE THESE RIGHTS - not a populist Tyranny of the Majority)
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