“Under the Gun Control Act, the issue seems simple: they are pistols. “
Not that simple. A pistol is defined as ‘being designed to be fired with one hand.
“designed to be fired with one hand”
...which is basically quantified as no stock AND barrel under 18” or overall length under 26”. As such, I had a 14” PGO Mossberg registered in NY as a pistol (startled the County Clerk, calmed with “it’s a collector’s item”).
Well, they are manufactured with no buttstocks and pistol-length barrels, so the "one hand" capability seems to be dependant on the shooter. IIRC, there may be a requirement that the barrel be rifled in order to define it as a pistol.
A Taurus Judge fires a .410 shotgun shell.
Taurus was set up to produce the 28-gauge Raging Judge, but ran into BATF hassles over importation.