I also remember a study years ago (sorry no cite) that found that in a shooting, cops were 3 times as likely to shoot the wrong person than a citizen (permit or not).
Primarily because victims are the true “first responders.” A citizen is usually shooting his/her attacker. When a cop arrives, their chance of shooting the wrong person is much higher.
Yes, I remember that, and it made perfect sense to me.
Bad guys “pick up” the psychology of fear in a potential victim. The clues that the potential victim gives is in their walk, how they hold their head and body and eye contact. When you are carrying you do not show these signs of fear. The bad guys also pick up the lack of fear and search for a different victim.
The point being is that many crimes have not happened because a law abiding citizen is carrying a concealed firearm.