Wow! I wonder how wolves, coyotes, mountain lions, buffalo and all the other mammals which are indigenous to clod climates managed to survive before people came along to invite them in to their homes.
With that said, there is a big difference between chaining your dog to a porch rail where it cannot seek shelter from the wind or weather, and keeping an “outside” dog which you have provided with access to a dog-house (or other shelter)and an unfrozen source of water.
Wayne depends on the dog. My Siberian is outside right now laughing at dobermann who gave him grief all summer long. Dobies have a very thin coat. Where Siberians have three! Some dogs like Lurkina.n.Learnin spoke of, dachshunds? What fur?