In the case of aircraft, the usual rule is that everything can be replaced except the airframe itself and it's still the same aircraft. But, like you, I wonder how far that can be taken. If I have only the manufacturer's data plate left, can I build an airplane around it and call it the original? I need to check with my EAA buddies.
Interesting questions.
I think the s/n plate controversy arose over a Ferrari replica some decades back.
Was it the same car?