The “Slingshot effect” that our research vehicles also use can do that.
Large ejecta from volcanoes did often escape near orbit of the Earth. The dusty stuff always falls way short.
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The Slingshot Effect only works when the body getting the slingshot boost is carefully guided to just the right trajectory relative to the other body.
Otherwise ... does the phrase “Shoemaker-Levy” mean anything to you?
If some ejecta from Earth volcanos reached escape velocity from Earth, why didn’t eject from other less-powerful volcanos simply remain in orbit around Earth?